Archaeological Tokens | Denise Schmandt-Besserat

https://sites.utexas.edu/dsb/tokens/

Archaeological Tokens

The Invention of Tokens, in Antonino Crisa, Mairi Gkikaki, and Clare Rowan, eds., TOKENS, CULTURE, CONNECTIONS, COMMUNITIES, Royal Numismatic Society, Special Publication No 51, 2019.

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Tokens: their Significance for the Origin of Counting and Writing

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Token, in Reallexikon der Assyriologie und Vorderasiatishen Archaeologie, De Gruyter, 2014. p. 87-89.

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Tokens and Writing

The Evolution of Writing,  in James Wright, ed., INTERNATIONAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF SOCIAL AND BEHAVIORAL SCIENCES, Elsevier, 2014

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Signs of Life

Archaeology Odyssey, 2002

From Accounting to Writing

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Tokens and Counting

From Counting to Writing: The Quest for Abstraction, in Zoltan Csbai, ed., Studies in Social and Economic History of the Near East, in Memory of Peter Vargyas, The University of Pecs, l'Harmattan Budapest, 2014, p. 227-238.

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The Token System of the ancient Near East: Its role in counting, writing, the economy and cognition, in Iain Morley and Colin Renfrew, eds., Archaeology of Measurement, Cambridge University Press, 2010.

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Oneness, Twoness, Threeness, How Ancient Accountants Invented Numbers, The Sciences, 1987

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Tokens, Writing and Cognition

Tokens and Writing: the Cognitive Development, in Symbols at 'Ain Ghazal, 'Ain Ghazal Excavation Reports Vol. 3, Ex Oriente, The Free University Press, Berlin. Germany, 2013.

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The Token System of the ancient Near East: Its role in counting, writing, the economy and cognition, in Iain Morley and Colin Renfrew, eds., Archaeology of Measurement, Cambridge University Press, 2010.

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Tokens for Archaeologists

Making Tokens Talk

With Niloufar Moghimi, "Making Tokens Talk" in Anna Margherita Jasink, Judith Weingarten and Silvia Ferrara, eds., Non-Scribal Communication Media in the Bronze Age Aegean and Surrounding Areas, Firenze University Press, Firenze, 2017, p. 175-183.

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Tokens: Facts and Interpretation, Visible Language, Vol. XX, No 3, 1986, p. 250-272.

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Tokens in Elam and Beyond the Near East

Prehistoric Administrative Technologies and the Ancient Near Eastern Redistribution Economy – The case of greater Susiana, in Javier Alvarez-Mon, Gian Pietro Basello, and Yasmina Wicks, The Elamite World, Routledge, London 2018.

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Tokens in China, Europe and Africa – The Significance – Scripta vol 4, 2012, p. 1-12.

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The Beginning and the Future

How Writing Came to Replace Spoken Language, 3000-2600 BCE. In Kuang Yu Chen, Dietrich Tschanz, and Chang-I Tu, eds., Dialogue of Four Pristine Writing Systems, Confusius Institute of Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey, 2019, p. 1-17.

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"The Future of Text" in Frode Hegland, ed. The Future of Text, The Augmented Text Company LTD, UK, 11.20.2020.

http://futureoftext.org/2020-vision-book.html

Articles on Tokens in Different Languages

The Austinite who discovered the origins of writing

Link to the Michael Barnes article on Austin American Statesman

Video Extra from Austin American Statesman Article

Michael Barnes

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On the origins of writing with Denise Schmandt-Bessersat

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Research on Tokens by Other Scholars

Major Additions to the 1992 Token Catalogue in Denise Schmandt-Besserat's Before Writing, Vol. 2

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