A VIEW
oF THE
MONEY SYSTEM OF ENGLAND,
FROM THE CONQUEST;
WITH PROPOSALS FOR
ESTABLISHING A SECURE AND EQUABLE
CREDIT CURRENCY.
BY JAMES TAYLOR.
" Above all thinga good policy is to be used, that the treasure and mõnies in
a state be not gathered into few hands; for otherwise a state may have a good
stock and yet starve; and money is like muck, no good except it be spread.
BACON.
LONDON:
PRINTED FOR JOHN TAYLOR,
Boskseller and Bublisher to the Anibersity of Lonbon;
30, UPPER GOWER STREET,
AND SOLD BY J. DUNCAN, PATERNOSTER ROW; HESSEY, FLEET STREET ;
AND HATCHARD & SON, PICCADILLY.
1828.
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and hence many of these selfish, clever, but narrow-
minded men have been frequently tempted to enrich
themselves without any regard to the sufferings of others,
or to the punishment which the reaction of their selfish
policy has in the end brought on themselves. But our
monetary measures have not always possessed this un-
happy tendency. There have been some intervals wherein
our monetary- regulations have been such as to make it
the interest of these selfish individuals to seek their private
gain, by pursuing a line of policy which has at the same
time had a tendency to promote rather than thwart the
public welfare; and though these intervals have not been
frequent or of long duration, they have been sufficiently
frequent and prolonged to show that a system of Money
having this beneficial tendency may be attained, if the
people and their rulers are really desirous of obtaining it.
A VIEW
oF
英国のマネーシステム。
征服から
のための提案を持って
安全で衡平なシステムの構築
CREDIT CURRENCY.
ジェームス・テイラー
" 何よりも、良い政策が使われていること、それは、宝とムニュイの
寡聞にして国に集まらず
金は泥のようなものだ 撒く以外には役に立たない
バコン
ロンドン
ジョン・テイラーのために印刷された
ロンボンのアニバーサリーにボスクセラーとブリッシャー
アッパーガワー通り30番地
J.ダンカン、パターノスター・ロウ、ヘッシー、フリート通りで販売。
とHATCHARD＆息子、PICCADILLY。
1828.
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そのため、利己的で賢いが心の狭い人たちの多くは、他人の苦しみや、利己的な政策の反動が最終的に自分たちにもたらした罰を気にすることなく、しばしば自分たちを豊かにしたいという誘惑に駆られてきたのである。しかし、我々の貨幣政策は、常にこのような幸福でない傾向を持っていたわけではない。われわれの金融規制が、公共の福祉を妨げるのではなく、むしろ促進する傾向がある政策路線を追求することによって、利己的な個人の私利私欲のために利益を求めるようになった時期がいくつかありましたが、これらの時期は、頻繁に行われたわけでも、長期間続いたわけでもありませんが、国民とその支配者が本当にそれを得ることを望むならば、このような有益な傾向を持つ貨幣制度が達成される可能性があることを示すために、十分に頻繁に行われ、長く続いてきました。
as a consequence, money was made extremely scarce in Ireland ; so that, though the nominal amount of taxation was very small, viz., two shillings a year for Hearth-tax, the pressure of it upon the people was very great. With a view to mitigate this pressure, he said: " It may be
" considered, whether the taxing of those cabins (wherein
" the people lived) with Hearth-money be proper, but
" rather with day's labour; the former being scarce pos-
“ sible for them to have, but the latter most easy : inso-
" much as 'tis more easy for them to give forty-nine days'
" labour per annum, at seasonable times, than to pay two
“ shillings in silver at a pinch, and just when the collectors
" call for it." Of course, no man in his senses can sup-
pose, that the intrinsic value of these two shillings could
ever be naturally of equal value with forty-nine days'
labour; but the poor people being liable, by law, to pay
two shillings in the king's coin, as a tax to the Crown,
while it was scarcely possible for them to get the money;
and as, in default of payment, they were liable to dis-
traint, these two shillings were made to possess a 'legal
value, very far greater than their natural value. The case
which it is made; but the essential characteristic of
" Tribute-money" is, the legal authority of the impression
affixed to the material. In the former case, uncoined gold
or silver may be money; in the latter case, they are not
money until they are coined, although, of course, they
may be, and are, money's worth. Tribute-money may be
made of gold, silver, or copper; or, as we know from
experience, it may be made of wood or paper, or of any
other commodity, which is comparatively worthless in
itself-the sign affixed to it, by the ruling power, consti-
tuting its value as a legal tender, for the payment of a
definite amount of national taxes, or any other credit
engagement within the realm: but this tribute-money is
no further valuable to the merchant, who wants to take
his money for expenditure in a foreign nation, than for
the amount of gold or silver it may contain, or for the
amount of these, or any other valuable commodities which
he can obtain for it, in the nation to which this tribute-
money belongs. The gold or silver, or other valuable
commodities thus obtained, in exchange for this tribute-
money, is that money which is meant by " money current
“ with the merchants," in their transactions between dif-
ferent nations.
Camden speaks of money being coined for the purpose
of paying taxes. He says: "I have thought that, in old
" time, there was a certain sort of money coined´on pur-
“ pose for this use; seeing, in Scripture, it is called
" tribute money; and I am the more confirmed in this
opinion, because, in some of the British pieces, there is
“ the Mint Master stamping the money with tascio, which,
But
“ among the Britons, signifies a tribute penny."
Dr. Henry asserts, in opposition to Camden's idea, " that
money coined for the sole purpose of paying tribute,
“ is a thing unknown in the history of mankind"
; yet
Dr. Henry afterwards tells us, in allusion to the coins of
Cunobeline, " that they were probably struck by Roman
“ artists, and that one design of them was, to pay the
" duties on merchandise to the Roman publicans.'
This
accords with Mr. Camden's idea; for, though he thinks a
certain kind of money was coined for paying tribute, he
also thinks it afterwards came into common use in com-
mercial transactions.
その結果、アイルランドではお金が非常に乏しくなった。そのため、名目上の課税額は非常に少額であり、 竈税は年間2シリングであったが、国民への圧力は非常に大きかった。この圧力を軽減するために、彼は次のように述べている。"この圧力を軽減するために、彼は次のように述べている。
" considered, whether the taxing of those cabins (wherein " the people lived) with Hearth-money be proper, but " rather with day's labour; the former being scarce pos- “ sible for them to have, but the latter most easy : inso- " much as 'tis more easy for them to give forty-nine days' " labour per annum, at seasonable times, than to pay two “ shillings in silver at a pinch, and just when the collectors " call for it." Of course, no man in his senses can sup- pose, that the intrinsic value of these two shillings could ever be naturally of equal value with forty-nine days' labour; but the poor people being liable, by law, to pay two shillings in the king's coin, as a tax to the Crown, while it was scarcely possible for them to get the money; and as, in default of payment, they were liable to dis- traint, these two shillings were made to possess a 'legal value, very far greater than their natural value. The case
返信削除which it is made; but the essential characteristic of " Tribute-money" is, the legal authority of the impression affixed to the material. In the former case, uncoined gold or silver may be money; in the latter case, they are not money until they are coined, although, of course, they may be, and are, money's worth. Tribute-money may be made of gold, silver, or copper; or, as we know from experience, it may be made of wood or paper, or of any other commodity, which is comparatively worthless in itself-the sign affixed to it, by the ruling power, consti- tuting its value as a legal tender, for the payment of a definite amount of national taxes, or any other credit engagement within the realm: but this tribute-money is no further valuable to the merchant, who wants to take his money for expenditure in a foreign nation, than for the amount of gold or silver it may contain, or for the amount of these, or any other valuable commodities which he can obtain for it, in the nation to which this tribute- money belongs. The gold or silver, or other valuable commodities thus obtained, in exchange for this tribute- money, is that money which is meant by " money current “ with the merchants," in their transactions between dif- ferent nations.
Camden speaks of money being coined for the purpose of paying taxes. He says: "I have thought that, in old " time, there was a certain sort of money coined´on pur- “ pose for this use; seeing, in Scripture, it is called " tribute money; and I am the more confirmed in this opinion, because, in some of the British pieces, there is “ the Mint Master stamping the money with tascio, which, But “ among the Britons, signifies a tribute penny." Dr. Henry asserts, in opposition to
Camden's idea, " that money coined for the sole purpose of paying tribute, “ is a thing unknown in the history of mankind" ; yet Dr. Henry afterwards tells us, in allusion to the coins of Cunobeline, " that they were probably struck by Roman “ artists, and that one design of them was, to pay the " duties on merchandise to the Roman publicans.' This accords with Mr. Camden's idea; for, though he thinks a certain kind of money was coined for paying tribute, he also thinks it afterwards came into common use in com- mercial transactions.
as a consequence, money was made extremely scarce in Ireland ; so that, though the nominal amount of taxation was very small, viz., two shillings a year for Hearth-tax, the pressure of it upon the people was very great. With a view to mitigate this pressure, he said: " It may be
"前者は彼らにとってほとんど手に入れることができないが、後者は最も簡単なものであるため、いざというときに銀貨で2シリングを支払うよりも、季節に応じて年に49日分の労働力を与える方が簡単である。もちろん、この2シリングの本来の価値が、当然のことながら49日間の労働と同等の価値を持つとは誰も考えられませんが、貧しい人々は、法律によって、王室への税金として2シリングを支払う義務がありました。ケース
返信削除しかし、「トリビュートマネー」の本質的な特徴は、素材に貼られた印象の法的な権威である。前者の場合、鋳造されていない金や銀は貨幣になりますが、後者の場合、鋳造されるまでは貨幣ではありません。貢物貨幣は、金、銀、銅で作られているかもしれませんし、経験上知っているように、木や紙、その他の商品で作られているかもしれませんが、それ自体は比較的価値のないものです。しかし、この貢物貨幣は、外国での支出のために自分の貨幣を使おうとする商人にとって、貢物貨幣に含まれる金や銀の量、あるいは貢物貨幣が属する国でそれらの量、あるいは貢物貨幣のために手に入れることができるその他の貴重な商品の量以上の価値はない。このようにして、この貢納金と引き換えに得られる金や銀、その他の貴重な商品は、商人が異国間の取引を行う際の「現在の貨幣」という意味の貨幣である。
カムデンは、税金を納める目的で造幣された貨幣について語っている。私は、昔の時代には、このような目的のために、ある種の貨幣が造幣されていたと考えていましたが、聖書では、それは「貢物貨幣」と呼ばれています。ヘンリー博士は次のように主張しています
しかし、ヘンリー博士は後に、クノベリンの硬貨を参照して、「ローマの芸術家によって鋳造されたと思われ、そのデザインの一つは、ローマの公人に商品の関税を支払うためであった」と述べている。これはカムデン氏の考えと一致している。彼は、ある種の貨幣は貢物を支払うために作られたと考えているが、その後、それが商業取引で一般的に使用されるようになったとも考えている。
その結果、アイルランドではお金が非常に乏しくなった。そのため、名目上の課税額は非常に少額であり、 竈税は年間2シリングであったが、国民への圧力は非常に大きかった。この圧力を軽減するために、彼は次のように述べている。"この圧力を軽減するために、彼は次のように述べている。