https://love-and-theft-2014.blogspot.com/2021/01/blog-post_2.html?m=1 @
世界の著名人の一家言
200
労働は資本に優先され、資本から独立している。資本は唯一
の労働の成果であり、労働が先に存在しなければ決して存在
し得ないものだ。労働は資本に勝り、何よりも優先して考慮に
入れる価値がある。
ーアブラハム·リンカーン〈米政治家)
Labor is prior to, and independent of, capital. Capital is only the fruit of labor,
and could never have existed if labor had not first existed. Labor is the superior
of capital, and deserves much the higher consideration.
Abraham Lincoln
1961/12/3 annual message to congress
https://millercenter.org/the-presidency/presidential-speeches/december-3-1861-first-annual-message
https://iitomo2010.blogspot.com/2021/11/december-3-1861-first-annual-message.html
年次教書演説
https://www.google.co.jp/books/edition/お金を呼ぶ777の格言/UhIvZeIy2X8C?hl=ja&gbpv=1&dq=リンカーン%E3%80%80労働%E3%80%80価値&pg=PA71&printsec=frontcover
以下はリンカーンは税収に固執したとする、
上に未所収、
https://twitter.com/jrabbitt77/status/1463569802014994433?s=21
"Labor is the true standard of value."
-ABRAHAM LINCOLN
Abraham Lincoln Quotes About Labor and Work
https://rogerjnorton.com/Lincoln97.html
Abraham Lincoln Quotes About Labor and Work
"The prudent, penniless beginner in the world, labors for wages awhile, saves a surplus with which to buy tools or land, for himself; then labors on his own account another while, and at length hires another new beginner to help him. This, say its advocates, is free labor---the just and generous, and prosperous system, which opens the way for all---gives hope to all, and energy, and progress, and improvement of condition to all." The Collected Works of Abraham Lincoln edited by Roy P. Basler, Volume III, "Address before the Wisconsin State Agricultural Society, Milwaukee, Wisconsin" (September 30, 1859), pp. 478-479.
"No country can sustain, in idleness, more than a small percentage of its numbers. The great majority must labor at something productive." The Collected Works of Abraham Lincoln edited by Roy P. Basler, Volume III, "Address before the Wisconsin State Agricultural Society, Milwaukee, Wisconsin" (September 30, 1859), p. 479.
"Labor is the true standard of value." The Collected Works of Abraham Lincoln edited by Roy P. Basler, Volume IV, "Speech at Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania" (February 15, 1861), p. 212.
https://archive.org/stream/collectedworksof015582mbp/collectedworksof015582mbp_djvu.txt
https://iitomo2010.blogspot.com/2021/11/collected-works-of-abraham-lincoln.html
https://quod.lib.umich.edu/l/lincoln/lincoln4/1:330?rgn=div1;view=fulltext
"The world is agreed that labor is the source from which human wants are mainly supplied. There is no dispute upon this point." The Collected Works of Abraham Lincoln edited by Roy P. Basler, Volume III, "Address before the Wisconsin State Agricultural Society, Milwaukee, Wisconsin" (September 30, 1859), p. 477.
"I am always for the man who wishes to work." The Collected Works of Abraham Lincoln edited by Roy P. Basler, Volume VII, "Recommendation For Unidentified Man" (August 15, 1864), p. 495.
"If at any time all labour should cease, and all existing provisions be equally divided among the people, at the end of a single year there could scarcely be one human being left alive---all would have perished by want of subsistence." The Collected Works of Abraham Lincoln edited by Roy P. Basler, Volume I, "Fragments of a Tariff Discussion" (December 1, 1847), p. 415.
"Labor is the great source from which nearly all, if not all, human comforts and necessities are drawn." The Collected Works of Abraham Lincoln edited by Roy P. Basler, Volume III, "Speech at Cincinnati, Ohio" (September 17, 1859), p. 459.
"Wanting to work is so rare a merit, that it should be encouraged." The Collected Works of Abraham Lincoln edited by Roy P. Basler, Volume IV, "Letter to George D. Ramsay" (October 17, 1861), p. 556.
"Beavers build houses; but they build them in nowise differently, or better now, than they did, five thousand years ago. Ants, and honey-bees, provide food for winter; but just in the same way they did, when Solomon referred the sluggard to them as patterns of prudence. Man is not the only animal who labors; but he is the only one who improves his workmanship." The Collected Works of Abraham Lincoln edited by Roy P. Basler, Volume II, "First Lecture on Discoveries and Inventions" (April 6, 1858), p. 437.
"Property is the fruit of labor...property is desirable...is a positive good in the world. That some should be rich shows that others may become rich, and hence is just encouragement to industry and enterprise. Let not him who is houseless pull down the house of another; but let him labor diligently and build one for himself, thus by example assuring that his own shall be safe from violence when built." The Collected Works of Abraham Lincoln edited by Roy P. Basler, Volume VII, "Reply to New York Workingmen's Democratic Republican Association" (March 21, 1864), pp. 259-260.
"Every man is proud of what he does well; and no man is proud of what he does not do well. With the former, his heart is in his work; and he will do twice as much of it with less fatigue. The latter performs a little imperfectly, looks at it in disgust, turns from it, and imagines himself exceedingly tired. The little he has done, comes to nothing, for want of finishing." The Collected Works of Abraham Lincoln edited by Roy P. Basler, Volume III, "Address before the Wisconsin State Agricultural Society, Milwaukee, Wisconsin" (September 30, 1859), p. 475.
"Labor is prior to, and independent of, capital. Capital is only the fruit of labor, and could never have existed if labor had not first existed. Labor is the superior of capital, and deserves much the higher consideration." Lincoln's First Annual Message to Congress, December 3, 1861.
"Upon this subject, the habits of our whole species fall into three great classes---useful labour, useless labour and idleness. Of these the first only is meritorious; and to it all the products of labour rightfully belong; but the two latter, while they exist, are heavy pensioners upon the first, robbing it of a large portion of it's just rights. The only remedy for this is to, as far as possible, drive useless labour and idleness out of existence." The Collected Works of Abraham Lincoln edited by Roy P. Basler, Volume I, "Fragments of a Tariff Discussion" (December 1, 1847), p. 412.
"Work, work, work, is the main thing." The Collected Works of Abraham Lincoln edited by Roy P. Basler, Volume IV, "Letter To John M. Brockman" (September 25, 1860), p. 121.
"And I am glad to know that there is a system of labor -> where the laborer can strike if he wants to! I would to God that such a system prevailed all over the world. The Collected Works of Abraham Lincoln edited by Roy P. Basler, Volume IV, "Speech at Hartford, Connecticut" (March 5, 1860), p. 7.
"If you intend to go to work there is no better place than right where you are; if you do not intend to go to work, you can not get along anywhere." The Collected Works of Abraham Lincoln edited by Roy P. Basler, Volume II, "Letter To John D. Johnston" (November 4, 1851), p. 111.
"I don't believe in a law to prevent a man from getting rich; it would do more harm than good. So while we do not propose any war upon capital, we do wish to allow the humblest man an equal chance to get rich with everybody else." The Collected Works of Abraham Lincoln edited by Roy P. Basler, Volume IV, "Speech at New Haven, Connecticut" (March 6, 1860), p. 24.
"...half finished work generally proves to be labor lost." The Collected Works of Abraham Lincoln edited by Roy P. Basler, Volume I, "Communication to the People of Sangamon County" (March 9, 1832), p. 5.
"And, inasmuch [as] most good things are produced by labour, it follows that [all] such things of right belong to those whose labour has produced them. But it has so happened in all ages of the world, that some have laboured, and others have, without labour, enjoyed a large proportion of the fruits. This is wrong, and should not continue. To [secure] to each labourer the whole product of his labour, or as nearly as possible, is a most worthy object of any good government." The Collected Works of Abraham Lincoln edited by Roy P. Basler, Volume I, "Fragments of a Tariff Discussion" (December 1, 1847), p. 412.
"...the working men are the basis of all governments, for the plain reason that they are the most numerous..." The Collected Works of Abraham Lincoln edited by Roy P. Basler, Volume IV, "Speech to Germans at Cincinnati, Ohio" (February 12, 1861), p. 202.

NOTE: All page references to The Collected Works of Abraham Lincoln refer to the 1953 edition published by the Rutgers University Press, New Brunswick, New Jersey.
The wonderful artwork at the top of the page is by Nathan Nash, son of Bill Nash. Be sure to visit Bill's excellent Lincoln blog here.
Several good single volume sources of authentic Lincoln quotes are: (1) Recollected Words of Abraham Lincoln compiled and edited by Don E. Fehrenbacher and Virginia Fehrenbacher. (2) A Treasury of Lincoln Quotations edited by Fred Kerner. (3) Of the People, By the People, For the People and other Quotations from Abraham Lincoln edited by Gabor S. Boritt. (4) Abe Lincoln Laughing: Humorous Anecdotes from Original Sources by and about Abraham Lincoln edited by P.M. Zall.
Abraham Lincoln Quotes
Abraham Lincoln Quotes About Slavery
Abraham Lincoln Quotes About Friends and Friendships
Abraham Lincoln Quotes About Laws and Lawyers
Unproven Quotations Attributed to Abraham Lincoln
●Alexander Hamilton 1781
《A national debt, if it is not excessive, will be to us a national blessing. It will be a powerful cement of our Union. 》
LETTER TO ROBERT MORRIS April 30, 1781.
《国の借金は、それが過剰でなければ、我々にとっては国の恵みとなるでしょう。それは、我々の連邦の強力なセメントとなるだろう。 》
-アレキサンダー・ハミルトン、ロバート・モリスへの手紙、1781年4月30日
●Abraham Lincoln 1864
《The great advantage of citizens being creditors as well as debtors with relation to the public debt is obvious. Men readily perceive that they can not be much oppressed by a debt which they owe to themselves.》
State of the Union Address: Abraham Lincoln (December 6, 1864)
Abraham Lincoln 1864
（Lewis Kimmel’s Federal Budget and Fiscal Policy, 1789-1958）
《国民が公的債務に関連して債権者であると同時に債務者でもあることの大きな利点は明らかである。人は、自分たちが自分たち自身に負っている負債によって、あまり抑圧されることがないことを容易に理解している。》
エイブラハム・リンカーン
一般教書演説1864年12月6日
● Franklin D. Roosevelt 1944
《People who are hungry and out of a job are the stuff of which dictatorships are made.》
State of the Union Address on Tuesday, January 11, 1944.
1944, January 11 - FDR - Fireside chat #28 - State of the Union -
《空腹と失職に喘ぐ人々とは、独裁による産物である。 》
ルーズベルトの演説
1944年1月11日のルーズベルトの連邦議会へのメッセージ
● John F. Kennedy 1962
《The deficit can be any size, provided they don‟t cause inflation. Everything else is just talk.》
from James Tobin's testimony
p.276
ケネディ「財政赤字も政府債務も、本来はどんな規模でもいい、インフレにならない限りは。それ以外はタワゴトですよ」
ジェームズ・トービンの証言より
《People who are hungry and out of a job are the stuff of which dictatorships are made.》
State of the Union Address on Tuesday, January 11, 1944.
1944, January 11 - FDR - Fireside chat #28 - State of the Union -
《空腹と失職に喘ぐ人々とは、独裁による産物である。 》
ルーズベルトの演説
1944年1月11日のルーズベルトの連邦議会へのメッセージ《The deficit can be any size, provided they don‟t cause inflation. Everything else is just talk.》
John F. Kennedy 1962
from James Tobin's testimony
p.276
ケネディ「財政赤字も政府債務も、本来はどんな規模でもいい、インフレにならない限りは。それ以外はタワゴトですよ」
ジェームズ・トービンの証言より
ケネディ大統領とノーベル賞受賞経済学者トービンの会
ケネディ「債務対GDPの比率に経済学的な上限はありますか?政府債務は過度に増やしてはいけないといわれますけど、実際はないですよね。そうでしょう?じゃあ何が上限になるんですか?」
トービン「唯一の上限はインフレです」
ケネディ「そうですよね!財政赤字も政府債務も、本来はどんな規模でもいい、インフレにならない限りは。それ以外はタワゴトですよ」
https://twitter.com/boes_/status/1350433340390846464?s=21
リンカーンAbraham Lincolnアメリカ第16代大統領 (1809 - 1865)
ルイス・キンメル、エイブラハム・リンカーンの政府債務について (h/t @StephanieKelton) pic.twitter.com/4ATnkagIVM
2021/01/16 22:22
マシューB
ボーズ
ツイッター
ルイス・キンメル、エイブラハム・リンカーンの政府債務について (h/t @StephanieKelton)
Lewis Kimmel on Abraham Lincoln on government debt (h/t @StephanieKelton) pic.twitter.com/4ATnkagIVM
2021/01/16 22:22
Matthew B
@boes_
Lewis Kimmel on Abraham Lincoln on government debt (h/t @StephanieKelton)
Lincoln was not greatly concerned by the rise in the federal debt. Toward the end of the war he stated that the federal debt was a species of property. "Held, as it is, for the most part by our own people, it has become a substantial branch of national, though private, property. For obvious reasons the more nearly this property can be distributed among all the people the better. . . . The great advantage of citizens being creditors as well as debtors with relation to the public debt is obvious. Men readily perceive that they can not be much oppressed by a debt which they owe to themselves.'"14
Lewis Kimmel’s Federal Budget and Fiscal Policy, 1789-1958
リンカーンは連邦債務の増加をあまり気にしていなかった。戦争末期にリンカーンは、連邦債務は財産の一種であると述べた。"大部分は国民が所有しているが、それは私有財産ではあるが、国家の重要な財産となっている。明らかな理由から、この財産は、ほぼすべての国民の間で分配されればされるほど良いのである。. . . 国民が公的債務に関連して債権者であると同時に債務者でもあることの大きな利点は明らかである。人は、自分たちが自分たち自身に負っている負債によって、あまり抑圧されることがないことを容易に理解している。
ルイス・キンメルの連邦予算と財政政策、1789-1958年
www.DeepL.com/Translator（無料版）で翻訳しました。
エイブラハム・リンカーン
参考：
尾上一雄
フーヴァー論考
ルイスに言及
- 114 –
フーヴァー大統領の不況対策 (十七)
否し、五月三十一日に、下院は租税と節約に関する彼の勧告を採用することを怠ったと非難し、上院に予算を均
衡させる措置を講じるよう勧説する演説を上院で行った。そして、ようやく、一九三二年六月初めに、上院は、
所得税率と遺産税率を更に一そう累進させることと株式配当金について所得税の通常税率の適用を現行通りに免
除することだけ下院の歳入法案と異なる法案を可決した。
1九三二年六月六日にフーヴァーが署名して制定された 「一九三三年の歳入法」は一九二四年の歳入法よりも
むしろ一九二一年の歳入法に近かったものであり、平時における最大の増税を行おうとしたものである。同法は、
1九三二年における個人の純課税所得に対する通常所得税の税率を最初の四○○○ドルに対しては 四%(当時の
税率は一·五%)、それを越える額に対しては八% (当時の税率は三%ないし五%) とし、六〇○○ドルを越える純所」
得に対する一%から一○○万ドルを越える純所得に対する五五%まで(当時の最高税率は二〇%)の付加税を課し、
勤労所得に対する特別控除は廃止し、独身者に対する控除額を一五○○ドルから一O○○ドルに、夫婦もの·世
帯主に対するそれを三五○○ドルから二五○○ドルに引き下げ(扶養家族控除は従来通り四○○ドル)、法人所得税の
税率を一二%から一三·七五%に引き上げ、遺産税は五万ドル(当時は一○万ドル)を越える額からかけられるも
のとし、その最高税率を二〇%から四五%に引き上げ、合計五万ドル、一人に対して年間五○○Oドルを越える
額に対して○·七五%から三三五%までの贈与税を課し、更に一セントのガソリン税を含む種々な物品税を課
その効果は、それに対するフーヴァーやミルズ財務長官の見解とともに、次号で述べることにするが、下院に
おける「売上税論争」以来、議会の中で予算は必ずしも均衡させる必要はないという意見が現われ、「これは」
115
ジョン。メイナード·ケインズがいなくても起こった「アメリカの政治家たちの経済上の思考の穏やかな革命で
あった」と認められることに注意を促しておきたい。
3 Jordan A. Schwarz, op. cit., pp. 113–-14.
в lbid., p. 114.
O Bernard Baruch, Baruch : The Public Years (New York : Holt, Rinehart and Winston, 1960), p. 244;
Margaret L. Coit, Mr. Baruch (Boston : Houghton Mifflin Company, 1957), p.410.
3 Jordan A. Schwarz, op. cit., pp. 114–15.
6 Ibid., p. 115.
© Roy G. Blakey and Gladys C. Blakey, Revenue Act of 1932, The American Economic Review, December,
1932, Vol. XXII, No. 4, pp. 628–29; Roy G. Blakey and Gladys C. Blakey, The Federal Income Tax,
pp. 309--11; Paul Studenski and Herman E. Krooss, op. cit., p. 361.
E William Starr Myers and Walter H. Newton, op. cit., p. 174 ; Herbert Hoover, The Memoirs, Vol. II,
р. 137.
1九三1年秋に売上税の提唱者ウィリアム。ランドルフ。ハーストはヵナダの売上税を見学して来るよう議員たちに
呼びかけ、約五○名の下院議員と四名の上院議員がそのための全経費の支給を受けてヵナダに行ったが、そのグルー
プも、その後、財務省からカナグに派遣された二人の専門家 (T sアダムズと E.C.アルヴォード)も、そ
のような租税が合衆国で採用されるよう、聴聞会で勧告しなかった。Roy G. Blakey and Gladys C. Blakey,
The Federal Income Tax, p. 306 note.
ノート注釈を追加
テキストを追加
フーヴァー大統領の不況対策 (七)
足と見込まれるにしても、法定債務償還準備額(ー九三二会計年度における四億一二I00万ドル、一九三三会計年 度に
おける四億九七○O万ドル)を除けば、一九三二会計年度の赤字は一1三億二1○○万ドルにとどまり、一九三三会一
には赤字がゼロになるはずであった。
ツァーが予算教書の中で彼が勧告した 「一九二四年の歳入法の下にあった一般計画に基づいた増税」の方
った勧告を財務長官が準備していると言ったものの内容は前記のようなものであり、それがフーヴァーが一
な時期」と言った一九三三年一月に勧告されたのである。それが、フーヴァーがクリスプに渡していた増
* %イ
する覚え書に書かれていたことにどれ程そっており、フーヴァー自身の考えにそったるのであったかとい
を見ることは興味あることであろうが、フーヴァーが彼自身の考えを反対党の下院歳入委員会の委員長代
分伝えておいたということは一そう興味深い。 メロンと財務省の推算通りに、そしてフーヴァーの期待通 3
Kの増加が得られるかどうかは、彼等の予想通りに不況の進展がとまり、国民や法人の所得が予想通りで
購売力が減退しないかどうかということにかかっていたが、それを考察するよりも、先ずそのような増
百に対する議会の態度を見なければならない。
New York Times, April 1, 1931; Roy G. Blakey and Gladys C. Blakey, op. cit., pp. 301–02.
William Starr Myers and Walter H. Newton, The Hoover Administration : A Documented Narrative,
pp. 91-92.
Tordan A. Schwarz, The Interregnum of Despair : Hoover, Congress, and the Depression, pp. 112-13.
The State Papers and Other Public Writings of Herbert Hoover, Vol. I, p.578. さお、その際、彼は「私
https://www.infoplease.com/primary-sources/government/presidential-speeches/state-union-address-abraham-lincoln-december-6-1864
State of the Union Address: Abraham Lincoln (December 6, 1864)
Fellow-Citizens of the Senate and House of Representatives: ★★
…
Privileges like these would render the possession of such securities to the amount limited most desirable to every person of small means who might be able to save enough for the purpose. The great advantage of citizens being creditors as well as debtors with relation to the public debt is obvious. Men readily perceive that they can not be much oppressed by a debt which they owe to themselves.
The public debt on the 1st day of July last, although somewhat exceeding the estimate of the Secretary of the Treasury made to Congress at the commencement of the last session, falls short of the estimate of that officer made in the preceding December as to its probable amount at the beginning of this year by the sum of $3,995,097.31. This fact exhibits a satisfactory condition and conduct of the operations of the Treasury.
The national banking system is proving to be acceptable to capitalists and to the people. On the 25th day of November 584 national banks had been organized, a considerable number of which were conversions from State banks. Changes from State systems to the national system are rapidly taking place, and it is hoped that very soon there will be in the United States no banks of issue not authorized by Congress and no bank-note circulation not secured by the Government. That the Government and the people will derive great benefit from this change in the banking systems of the country can hardly be questioned. The national system will create a reliable and permanent influence in support of the national credit and protect the people against losses in the use of paper money. Whether or not any further legislation is advisable for the suppression of State-bank issues it will be for Congress to determine. It seems quite clear that the Treasury can not be satisfactorily conducted unless the Government can exercise a restraining power over the bank-note circulation of the country. The report of the Secretary of War and the accompanying documents will detail the campaigns of the armies in the field since the date of the last annual message, and also the operations of the several administrative bureaus of the War Department during the last year. It will also specify the measures deemed essential for the national defense and to keep up and supply the requisite military force.
The report of the Secretary of the Navy presents a comprehensive and satisfactory exhibit of the affairs of that Department and of the naval service. It is a subject of congratulation and laudable pride to our countrymen that a Navy of such vast proportions has been organized in so brief a period and conducted with so much efficiency and success.
The general exhibit of the Navy, including vessels under construction on the 1st of December, 1864, shows a total of 671 vessels, carrying 4,610 guns, and of 510,396 tons, being an actual increase during the year, over and above all losses by shipwreck or in battle, of 83 vessels, 167 guns, and 42,427 tons.
The total number of men at this time in the naval service, including officers, is about 51,000.
There have been captured by the Navy during the year 324 vessels, and the whole number of naval captures since hostilities commenced is 1,379, of which 267 are steamers.
The gross proceeds arising from the sale of condemned prize property thus far reported amount to $14,396,250.51. A large amount of such proceeds is still under adjudication and yet to be reported.
The total expenditure of the Navy Department of every description, including the cost of the immense squadrons that have been called into existence from the 4th of March, 1861, to the 1st of November, 1864, is $238,647,262.35.
Your favorable consideration is invited to the various recommendations of the Secretary of the Navy, especially in regard to a navy-yard and suitable establishment for the construction and repair of iron vessels and the machinery and armature for our ships, to which reference was made in my last annual message.
Your attention is also invited to the views expressed in the report in relation to the legislation of Congress at its last session in respect to prize on our inland waters.
I cordially concur in the recommendation of the Secretary as to the propriety of creating the new rank of vice-admiral in our naval service. Your attention is invited to the report of the Postmaster-General for a detailed account of the operations and financial condition of the Post-Office Department.
The postal revenues for the year ending June 30, 1864, amounted to $12,438,253.78 and the expenditures to $12,644,786.20, the excess of expenditures over receipts being $206,652.42.
The views presented by the Postmaster-General on the subject of special grants by the Government in aid of the establishment of new lines of ocean mail steamships and the policy he recommends for the development of increased commercial intercourse with adjacent and neighboring countries should receive the careful consideration of Congress.
…
一般教書演説の様子 エイブラハム・リンカーン (1864年12月6日)
… このような特権があれば、限定された金額の有価証券を保有することが、十分な貯蓄が可能な小額所得者にとって最も望ましいことになる。公的債務に関して、国民が債務者であると同時に債権者であることの大きな利点は明らかです。人々は、自分自身に負っている負債によって、それほど大きな負担を強いられることはないと容易に理解している。
昨年7月1日の公的債務は、前会期開始時に財務長官が議会に提出した見積もりを多少上回っているものの、前年12月に財務長官が行った今年初めの見込み額の見積もりを3,995,097.31ドル下回っています。この事実は、財務省の業務が十分な状態で行われていることを示しています。
全国銀行制度は、資本家と国民の双方に受け入れられるものであることが証明されています。11月25日の時点で584の国立銀行が設立されており、そのうちのかなりの数が州立銀行からの転換であった。州立銀行から国立銀行への移行は急速に進んでおり、近い将来、米国では議会の承認を受けない発行銀行や、政府の保証を受けない銀行券の流通がなくなることが期待されています。国の銀行制度がこのように変わることで、政府と国民が大きな利益を得ることは、ほとんど疑う余地がありません。国の制度は、国家の信用を支える信頼できる永続的な影響力を生み出し、紙幣の使用による損失から国民を保護する。州立銀行の発行を抑制するために、さらなる法律の制定が望ましいかどうかは、議会が決定することです。政府が国内の銀行券流通を抑制する力を行使できなければ、財務省が満足に運営できないことは明らかである。陸軍長官の報告書および添付書類には、前回の年次報告書の日付以降に戦地で行われた各軍の作戦と、昨年の陸軍省のいくつかの行政局の活動が詳細に記載されています。また、国防のため、必要な軍事力を維持・供給するために必要と考えられる措置が明記されています。
海軍長官の報告書は、同省および海軍の業務について包括的かつ満足のいくものを提示しています。このような巨大な規模の海軍が短期間で組織され、これほどの効率と成功を収めたことは、国民にとって祝福すべきことであり、称賛すべき誇りである。
1864年12月1日時点で建造中の船を含めた海軍の総展示数は、合計671隻、4,610門、510,396トンで、難破や戦闘による損失を上回る83隻、167門、42,427トンの増加となっています。
将校を含む現在の海軍の総兵力は約51,000人です。
年内に海軍が捕獲した船舶は324隻で、敵対関係が始まってからの海軍の捕獲数は1379隻、そのうち267隻が蒸気船です。
これまでに報告された非難された拿捕品の売却による総収入は14,396,250.51ドルです。このような収益の多くはまだ裁定中であり、まだ報告されていません。
1861年3月4日から1864年11月1日までに召集された膨大な戦隊の費用を含む、海軍省のあらゆる種類の支出総額は238,647,262.35ドルです。
海軍長官の様々な提案、特に前回の年次メッセージで言及した、海軍工廠や鉄製船の建造・修理、艦船用の機械・装甲のための適切な施設について、皆様の好意的なご検討をお願いいたします。
また、この報告書に記載されている、わが国の内水面での拿捕に関する前会期の議会の立法に関する見解にもご注目ください。
私は、わが国の海軍に新たに副提督という階級を設けることの妥当性に関する長官の勧告に心から同意する。郵便局の運営と財務状況の詳細については、郵便局長の報告書にご注目ください。
1864年6月30日に終わる年度の郵便収入は12,438,253.78ドル、支出は12,644,786.20ドルで、収入に対する支出の超過額は206,652.42ドルでした。
海上郵便用蒸気船の新航路開設を支援するための政府による特別交付金に関する郵便局長の見解と、隣接国および近隣諸国との商業交流の発展のために推奨する政策は、議会の慎重な検討を受けるべきである。
前段
https://www.infoplease.com/primary-sources/government/presidential-speeches/state-union-address-abraham-lincoln-december-6-1864
一般教書演説の様子 エイブラハム・リンカーン (1864年12月6日)
エイブラハム・リンカーン（1864年12月6日
上院と下院の同胞の皆さん。
健康と豊作の恵みを受け、全能の神に深く感謝いたします。
わが国の外交状況は十分に満足できるものです。
メキシコは相変わらず内戦の舞台となっています。同国との政治的関係に変化はないが、同時に我々は交戦国間の中立を厳守している。
コスタリカとニカラグアの要請により、有能な技術者がサンファン川とサンファン港の調査を行うことが許可された。一時的に政治的不安を煽り、大洋間航路の閉鎖を引き起こした困難が友好的に調整され、この航路が容量の増加と適応を伴ってすぐに再開される見通しが立ったことは、大きな満足感をもたらします。私たちは、この大きな改善の商業的、政治的重要性を誇張することはできません。
コロンビア合衆国がこの政府と親密な関係を築いている直接的、率直かつ友好的な姿勢を認めないことは、南米の重要な国に対して不当なことである。1861年に閉会した条約の未完の仕事を完成させるために、請求権協定が結ばれた。
ベネズエラの自由主義的な新憲法は、国民の普遍的な同意を得て発効し、その下での政府は承認され、ベネズエラとの外交関係は友好的な精神で開かれています。長い間延期されていたアベス島の請求権は、満足のいく形で支払われ、解消された。
米国とペルーの間の請求権解決のための故共同委員会によって授与された請求権の相互支払いが行われました。両国の間には真摯で友好的な友情が存在し続けており、私の力の及ぶ限り、ペルーとスペインの間の誤解を解き、戦争の危機を回避するために努力してきました。
チリ、アルゼンチン共和国、ボリビア、コスタリカ、パラグアイ、サンサルバドル、ヘイティとは最も友好的な関係にあります。昨年中、これらの共和国との間にいかなる種類の相違も生じていないし、他方、これらの共和国は米国への同情を常に心を込めて真剣に表明している。
1821年にブリッグ・マセドニアン号の貨物を押収したことに起因する請求権は、チリ政府によって全額支払われた。サン・ドミンゴのスペイン部分では内戦が続いており、早期に終結する見込みはないようである。
リベリアとの公式通信が自由に開かれ、同共和国の社会的・政治的進歩の様子がうかがえるようになった。米国における奴隷制度の急速な消滅によって改善された米国の影響から、リベリアは新たな活力を得ることが期待されます。
私は、この共和国に適度な費用で砲艦を提供する権限をお願いします。このような船は、アフリカの原住民に対する同州の安全のために必要であり、リベリア人の手にかかれば、アフリカの奴隷貿易を阻止する上で、わが国の艦隊よりも効果的である。最も組織化されていない海軍力の保有は、共和国の寛大な野心を刺激し、それを提供することで我々が示すべき自信は、すべての文明国から植民地に対する寛容と好意を獲得するだろう。
前会期に議会が承認したベーリンズ海峡とアジアのロシアを経由して、アメリカとヨーロッパを結ぶ陸路電信の提案は、非常に有利な状況下で、イギリスとロシアの政府と同様に、本国政府の心からの善意と支持を得て、アメリカ市民の団体によって行われました。南米のほとんどの国からは、この事業を高く評価し、世界を取り囲む通信の支線建設に協力する用意があるとの確証を得ています。私は、アメリカ東海岸と英国との間に電信通信を行うという崇高な構想が更新され、その早期実現が期待されていることを知り、大変満足しています。
このように、国内の平和が戻ってくれば、アメリカは商業と文明のかつての高いキャリアを、エネルギーと利点をもって再開することができると期待されます。
人気が高く、尊敬すべきエジプト代表が昨年4月に亡くなりました。一時的に就任していた代表とパシャ政府との間で不快な争いが起こり、その結果、交流が中断された。この問題はすぐに修正された。
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人気が高く、尊敬すべきエジプト代表が昨年4月に亡くなった。一時的に就任していた人物とパシャ政府との間に生じた不愉快な争いの結果、交流が中断されてしまったのです。後継者が領事館に到着すると、この問題は速やかに解決され、エジプトとの関係も、バーバリー諸国との関係も、まったく満足のいくものとなった。
中国で長らく続いていた反乱は、本国政府および他の西欧商業国の協力的な善意により、ついに鎮圧されました。現地の司法領事施設は非常に困難で負担の大きいものとなっており、わが国の通商の拡大や、あの広大な帝国の政府や国民との間に築かれたより親密な交流に適合させるためには、立法による改正が必要となるでしょう。中国は、西欧諸国の商取引や社会的交流を規定する従来の法律を、快く受け入れているようだ。
日本の特殊な状況とその変則的な政府形態のために、条約上の規定を実行する際の日本帝国の行動は不規則で気まぐれである。それにもかかわらず、西欧諸国が賢明な協調をもって行動することにより、良好な進展がもたらされています。我が国の金銭的請求権は認められ、あるいは解決に向けて進んでおり、内海は商業的に再開されています。また、これらの手続きは、日本の対米友好度を低下させるどころか、むしろ高めていると信じるに足る理由があります。
ノーフォーク、フェルナンディナ、ペンサコーラの各港は、公布によって開港されました。外国の商人たちが今、実際の軍事占領ではなくても、少なくとも合法的で効果的な封鎖によって閉鎖されている他の港で、多くの危険と膨大な費用をかけて禁制品貿易を追求するよりも、これらの港や他の開放された港に頼る方が、米国にとってだけでなく、自分たちにとっても安全で有益ではないかと考えることが期待されています。
私自身は、国家法に基づき、人類の敵を米国内の亡命先から排除する行政の権限と義務に疑いを持っていません。もし議会がこのような場合の手続きが法の権威を欠いていると考えるか、あるいは議会がさらに規制すべきだと考えるならば、外国の奴隷商人がわが国に住居を構え、犯罪的な職業のための施設を得ることを効果的に防止するための規定を設けることを提言する。
新たな公然の問題であれば、海洋勢力が現在享受している光をもってしても、今も昔も同様に軍艦や港湾に恵まれない米国の反乱軍に、海上交戦権の特権を認めない可能性があります。不誠実な使者たちは、この特権を利用してわが国を外国の戦争に巻き込もうとする努力において、昨年はそれ以前よりも熱心であり、成功もしていません。このような企てを阻止しようとする海洋国家の政府の願望と決意は、わが国と同様、またこれ以上ないほど切実なものであると信じられています。それにもかかわらず、特にブラジルと英国の港、および米国の北側境界線において、予期せぬ政治的困難が生じています。これらの困難は、米国、および関係国とその政府の側で、絶え間ない警戒と公正で融和的な精神の実践を必要としており、今後も必要とする可能性があります。
英国との条約に基づき、オレゴン州のハドソンズベイおよびピュージェットサウンド農業会社の請求権調整のための委員が任命され、現在、彼らに与えられた信託の実行を進めています。
カナダ国境に隣接する地域では、そこに収容されている不届き者や自暴自棄な者による最近の襲撃や略奪により、生命や財産が不安定になっていることから、英国との現行の協定で条件付きで定められている期間である6ヶ月が経過した後、米国が必要と判断した場合には、自由に湖上の海軍兵力を増強しなければならないことを通知することが適切であると考えました。1854年6月5日の互恵条約によって一時的に確立されたカナダから米国への通過権、および関税の規制を継続または修正する問題に関連して、国境の状態が必然的に考慮されることになります。
しかし、この声明を発表する際に理解していただきたいのは、カナダの植民地当局は、米国に対して意図的に不公正または非友好的であるとは考えておらず、それどころか、帝国政府の承認を得て、新たな犠牲者が出るのを防ぐために必要な措置を講じることを期待する十分な理由があるということです。
www.DeepL.com/Translator（無料版）で翻訳しました。
★★
Again the blessings of health and abundant harvests claim our profoundest gratitude to Almighty God.
The condition of our foreign affairs is reasonably satisfactory.
Mexico continues to be a theater of civil war. While our political relations with that country have undergone no change, we have at the same time strictly maintained neutrality between the belligerents.
At the request of the States of Costa Rica and Nicaragua, a competent engineer has been authorized to make a survey of the river San Juan and the port of San Juan. It is a source of much satisfaction that the difficulties which for a moment excited some political apprehensions and caused a closing of the interoceanic transit route have been amicably adjusted, and that there is a good prospect that the route will soon be reopened with an increase of capacity and adaptation. We could not exaggerate either the commercial or the political importance of that great improvement.
It would be doing injustice to an important South American State not to acknowledge the directness, frankness, and cordiality with which the United States of Colombia have entered into intimate relations with this Government. A claims convention has been constituted to complete the unfinished work of the one which closed its session in 1861.
The new liberal constitution of Venezuela having gone into effect with the universal acquiescence of the people, the Government under it has been recognized and diplomatic intercourse with it has opened in a cordial and friendly spirit. The long-deferred Aves Island claim has been satisfactorily paid and discharged.
Mutual payments have been made of the claims awarded by the late joint commission for the settlement of claims between the United States and Peru. An earnest and cordial friendship continues to exist between the two countries, and such efforts as were in my power have been used to remove misunderstanding and avert a threatened war between Peru and Spain.
Our relations are of the most friendly nature with Chile, the Argentine Republic, Bolivia, Costa Rica, Paraguay, San Salvador, and Hayti. During the past year no differences of any kind have arisen with any of those Republics, and, on the other hand, their sympathies with the United States are constantly expressed with cordiality and earnestness.
The claim arising from the seizure of the cargo of the brig Macedonian in 1821 has been paid in full by the Government of Chile. Civil war continues in the Spanish part of San Domingo, apparently without prospect of an early close.
Official correspondence has been freely opened with Liberia, and it gives us a pleasing view of social and political progress in that Republic. It may be expected to derive new vigor from American influence, improved by the rapid disappearance of slavery in the United States.
I solicit your authority to furnish to the Republic a gunboat at moderate cost, to be reimbursed to the United States by installments. Such a vessel is needed for the safety of that State against the native African races, and in Liberian hands it would be more effective in arresting the African slave trade than a squadron in our own hands. The possession of the least organized naval force would stimulate a generous ambition in the Republic, and the confidence which we should manifest by furnishing it would win forbearance and favor toward the colony from all civilized nations.
The proposed overland telegraph between America and Europe, by the way of Behrings Straits and Asiatic Russia, which was sanctioned by Congress at the last session, has been undertaken, under very favorable circumstances, by an association of American citizens, with the cordial good will and support as well of this Government as of those of Great Britain and Russia. Assurances have been received from most of the South American States of their high appreciation of the enterprise and their readiness to cooperate in constructing lines tributary to that world-encircling communication. I learn with much satisfaction that the noble design of a telegraphic communication between the eastern coast of America and Great Britain has been renewed, with full expectation of its early accomplishment.
Thus it is hoped that with the return of domestic peace the country will be able to resume with energy and advantage its former high career of commerce and civilization.
Our very popular and estimable representative in Egypt died in April last. An unpleasant altercation which arose between the temporary incumbent of the office and the Government of the Pasha resulted in a suspension of intercourse. The evil was promptly corrected on the arrival of the successor in the consulate, and our relations with Egypt, as well as our relations with the Barbary Powers, are entirely satisfactory.
The rebellion which has so long been flagrant in China has at last been suppressed, with the cooperating good offices of this Government and of the other Western commercial States. The judicial consular establishment there has become very difficult and onerous, and it will need legislative revision to adapt it to the extension of our commerce and to the more intimate intercourse which has been instituted with the Government and people of that vast Empire. China seems to be accepting with hearty good will the conventional laws which regulate commercial and social intercourse among the Western nations.
Owing to the peculiar situation of Japan and the anomalous form of its Government, the action of that Empire in performing treaty stipulations is inconstant and capricious. Nevertheless, good progress has been effected by the Western powers, moving with enlightened concert. Our own pecuniary claims have been allowed or put in course of settlement, and the inland sea has been reopened to commerce. There is reason also to believe that these proceedings have increased rather than diminished the friendship of Japan toward the United States.
The ports of Norfolk, Fernandina, and Pensacola have been opened by proclamation. It is hoped that foreign merchants will now consider whether it is not safer and more profitable to themselves, as well as just to the United States, to resort to these and other open ports than it is to pursue, through many hazards and at vast cost, a contraband trade with other ports which are closed, if not by actual military occupation, at least by a lawful and effective blockade.
For myself, I have no doubt of the power and duty of the Executive, under the law of nations, to exclude enemies of the human race from an asylum in the United States. If Congress should think that proceedings in such cases lack the authority of law, or ought to be further regulated by it, I recommend that provision be made for effectually preventing foreign slave traders from acquiring domicile and facilities for their criminal occupation in our country.
It is possible that if it were new and open question the maritime powers, with the lights they now enjoy, would not concede the privileges of a naval belligerent to the insurgents of the United States, destitute, as they are, and always have been, equally of ships of war and of ports and harbors. Disloyal emissaries have been neither less assiduous nor more successful during the last year than they were before that time in their efforts under favor of that privilege, to embroil our country in foreign wars. The desire and determination of the governments of the maritime states to defeat that design are believed to be as sincere as and can not be more earnest than our own. Nevertheless, unforeseen political difficulties have arisen, especially in Brazilian and British ports and on the northern boundary of the United States, which have required, and are likely to continue to require, the practice of constant vigilance and a just and conciliatory spirit on the part of the United States, as well as of the nations concerned and their governments.
Commissioners have been appointed under the treaty with Great Britain on the adjustment of the claims of the Hudsons Bay and Pugets Sound Agricultural Companies, in Oregon, and are now proceeding to the execution of the trust assigned to them.
In view of the insecurity of life and property in the region adjacent to the Canadian border, by reason of recent assaults and depredations committed by inimical and desperate persons who are harbored there, it has been thought proper to give notice that after the expiration of six months, the period conditionally stipulated in the existing arrangement with Great Britain, the United States must hold themselves at liberty to increase their naval armament upon the Lakes if they shall find that proceeding necessary. The condition of the border will necessarily come into consideration in connection with the question of continuing or modifying the rights of transit from Canada through the United States, as well as the regulation of imposts, which were temporarily established by the reciprocity treaty of the 5th June, 1854.
I desire, however, to be understood while making this statement that the colonial authorities of Canada are not deemed to be intentionally unjust or unfriendly toward the United States, but, on the contrary, there is every reason to expect that, with the approval of the Imperial Government, they will take the necessary measures to prevent new incursions across the border.
The act passed at the last session for the encouragement of immigration has so far as was possible been put into operation. It seems to need amendment which will enable the officers of the Government to prevent the practice of frauds against the immigrants while on their way and on their arrival in the ports, so as to secure them here a free choice of avocations and places of settlement. A liberal disposition toward this great national policy is manifested by most of the European States, and ought to be reciprocated on our part by giving the immigrants effective national protection. I regard our immigrants as one of the principal replenishing streams which are appointed by Providence to repair the ravages of internal war and its wastes of national strength and health. All that is necessary is to secure the flow of that stream in its present fullness, and to that end the Government must in every way make it manifest that it neither needs nor designs to impose involuntary military service upon those who come from other lands to cast their lot in our country.
The financial affairs of the Government have been successfully administered during the last year. The legislation of the last session of Congress has beneficially affected the revenues, although sufficient time has not yet elapsed to experience the full effect of several of the provisions of the acts of Congress imposing increased taxation.
The receipts during the year from all sources, upon the basis of warrants signed by the Secretary of the Treasury, including loans and the balance in the Treasury on the 1st day of July, 1863, were $1,394,796,007.62, and the aggregate disbursements, upon the same basis, were $1,298,056,101.89, leaving a balance in the Treasury, as shown by warrants, of $96,739,905.73.
Deduct from these amounts the amount of the principal of the public debt redeemed and the amount of issues in substitution therefor, and the actual cash operations of the Treasury were: Receipts, $884,076,646.57; disbursements, $865,234,087.86; which leaves a cash balance in the Treasury of $18,842,558.71.
Of the receipts there were derived from customs $102,316,152.99, from lands $588,333.29. from direct taxes $475,648.96, from internal revenue $109,741,134.10, from miscellaneous sources $47,511,448.10, and from loans applied to actual expenditures, including former balance, $623,443,929.13.
There were disbursed for the civil service $27,505,599.46, for pensions and Indians $7,517,930.97, for the War Department $690,791,842.97, for the Navy Department $85,733,292.77, for interest on the public debt $53,685,421.69, making an aggregate of $865,234,087.86 and leaving a balance in the Treasury of $18,842,558.71, as before stated.
For the actual receipts and disbursements for the first quarter and the estimated receipts and disbursements for the three remaining quarters of the current fiscal year, and the general operations of the Treasury in detail, I refer you to the report of the Secretary of the Treasury. I concur with him in the opinion that the proportion of moneys required to meet the expenses consequent upon the war derived from taxation should be still further increased; and I earnestly invite your attention to this subject, to the end that there may be such additional legislation as shall be required to meet the just expectations of the Secretary.
The public debt on the 1st day of July last, as appears by the books of the Treasury, amounted to $1,740,690,489.49. Probably, should the war continue for another year, that amount may be increased by not far from five hundred millions. Held, as it is, for the most part by our own people, it has become a substantial branch of national, though private, property. For obvious reasons the more nearly this property can be distributed among all the people the better. To favor such general distribution, greater inducements to become owners might, perhaps, with good effect and without injury be presented to persons of limited means. With this view I suggest whether it might not be both competent and expedient for Congress to provide that a limited amount of some future issue of public securities might be held by any bona fide purchaser exempt from taxation and from seizure for debt, under such restrictions and limitations as might be necessary to guard against abuse of so important a privilege. This would enable every prudent person to set aside a small annuity against a possible day of want.
Privileges like these would render the possession of such securities to the amount limited most desirable to every person of small means who might be able to save enough for the purpose. The great advantage of citizens being creditors as well as debtors with relation to the public debt is obvious. Men readily perceive that they can not be much oppressed by a debt which they owe to themselves.
The public debt on the 1st day of July last, although somewhat exceeding the estimate of the Secretary of the Treasury made to Congress at the commencement of the last session, falls short of the estimate of that officer made in the preceding December as to its probable amount at the beginning of this year by the sum of $3,995,097.31. This fact exhibits a satisfactory condition and conduct of the operations of the Treasury.
The national banking system is proving to be acceptable to capitalists and to the people. On the 25th day of November 584 national banks had been organized, a considerable number of which were conversions from State banks. Changes from State systems to the national system are rapidly taking place, and it is hoped that very soon there will be in the United States no banks of issue not authorized by Congress and no bank-note circulation not secured by the Government. That the Government and the people will derive great benefit from this change in the banking systems of the country can hardly be questioned. The national system will create a reliable and permanent influence in support of the national credit and protect the people against losses in the use of paper money. Whether or not any further legislation is advisable for the suppression of State-bank issues it will be for Congress to determine. It seems quite clear that the Treasury can not be satisfactorily conducted unless the Government can exercise a restraining power over the bank-note circulation of the country. The report of the Secretary of War and the accompanying documents will detail the campaigns of the armies in the field since the date of the last annual message, and also the operations of the several administrative bureaus of the War Department during the last year. It will also specify the measures deemed essential for the national defense and to keep up and supply the requisite military force.
The report of the Secretary of the Navy presents a comprehensive and satisfactory exhibit of the affairs of that Department and of the naval service. It is a subject of congratulation and laudable pride to our countrymen that a Navy of such vast proportions has been organized in so brief a period and conducted with so much efficiency and success.
The general exhibit of the Navy, including vessels under construction on the 1st of December, 1864, shows a total of 671 vessels, carrying 4,610 guns, and of 510,396 tons, being an actual increase during the year, over and above all losses by shipwreck or in battle, of 83 vessels, 167 guns, and 42,427 tons.
The total number of men at this time in the naval service, including officers, is about 51,000.
There have been captured by the Navy during the year 324 vessels, and the whole number of naval captures since hostilities commenced is 1,379, of which 267 are steamers.
The gross proceeds arising from the sale of condemned prize property thus far reported amount to $14,396,250.51. A large amount of such proceeds is still under adjudication and yet to be reported.
The total expenditure of the Navy Department of every description, including the cost of the immense squadrons that have been called into existence from the 4th of March, 1861, to the 1st of November, 1864, is $238,647,262.35.
Your favorable consideration is invited to the various recommendations of the Secretary of the Navy, especially in regard to a navy-yard and suitable establishment for the construction and repair of iron vessels and the machinery and armature for our ships, to which reference was made in my last annual message.
Your attention is also invited to the views expressed in the report in relation to the legislation of Congress at its last session in respect to prize on our inland waters.
I cordially concur in the recommendation of the Secretary as to the propriety of creating the new rank of vice-admiral in our naval service. Your attention is invited to the report of the Postmaster-General for a detailed account of the operations and financial condition of the Post-Office Department.
The postal revenues for the year ending June 30, 1864, amounted to $12,438,253.78 and the expenditures to $12,644,786.20, the excess of expenditures over receipts being $206,652.42.
The views presented by the Postmaster-General on the subject of special grants by the Government in aid of the establishment of new lines of ocean mail steamships and the policy he recommends for the development of increased commercial intercourse with adjacent and neighboring countries should receive the careful consideration of Congress.
It is of noteworthy interest that the steady expansion of population, improvement, and governmental institutions over the new and unoccupied portions of our country have scarcely been checked, much less impeded or destroyed, by our great civil war, which at first glance would seem to have absorbed almost the entire energies of the nation.
The organization and admission of the State of Nevada has been completed in conformity with law, and thus our excellent system is firmly established in the mountains, which once seemed a barren and uninhabitable waste between the Atlantic States and those which have grown up on the coast of the Pacific Ocean.
The Territories of the Union are generally in a condition of prosperity and rapid growth. Idaho and Montana, by reason of their great distance and the interruption of communication with them by Indian hostilities, have been only partially organized; but it is understood that these difficulties are about to disappear, which will permit their governments, like those of the others, to go into speedy and full operation. As intimately connected with and promotive of this material growth of the nation, I ask the attention of Congress to the valuable information and important recommendations relating to the public lands, Indian affairs, the Pacific Railroad, and mineral discoveries contained in the report of the Secretary of the Interior which is herewith transmitted, and which report also embraces the subjects of patents, pensions, and other topics of public interest pertaining to his Department.
The quantity of public land disposed of during the five quarters ending on the 30th of September last was 4,221,342 acres, of which 1,538,614 acres were entered under the homestead law. The remainder was located with military land warrants, agricultural scrip certified to States for railroads, and sold for cash. The cash received from sales and location fees was $1,019,446.
The income from sales during the fiscal year ending June 30, 1864, was $678,007.21, against $136,077.95 received during the preceding year. The aggregate number of acres surveyed during the year has been equal to the quantity disposed of, and there is open to settlement about 133,000,000 acres of surveyed land.
The great enterprise of connecting the Atlantic with the Pacific States by railways and telegraph lines has been entered upon with a vigor that gives assurance of success, notwithstanding the embarrassments arising from the prevailing high prices of materials and labor. The route of the main line of the road has been definitely located for 100 miles westward from the initial point at Omaha City, Nebr., and a preliminary location of the Pacific Railroad of California has been made from Sacramento eastward to the great bend of the Truckee River in Nevada. Numerous discoveries of gold, silver, and cinnabar mines have been added to the many heretofore known, and the country occupied by the Sierra Nevada and Rocky mountains and the subordinate ranges now teems with enterprising labor, which is richly remunerative. It is believed that the product of the mines of precious metals in that region has during the year reached, if not exceeded, one hundred millions in value.
It was recommended in my last annual message that our Indian system be remodeled. Congress at its last session, acting upon the recommendation, did provide for reorganizing the system in California, and it is believed that under the present organization the management of the Indians there will be attended with reasonable success. Much yet remains to be done to provide for the proper government of the Indians in other parts of the country, to render it secure for the advancing set-tier, and to provide for the welfare of the Indian. The Secretary reiterates his recommendations, and to them the attention of Congress is invited.
The liberal provisions made by Congress for paying pensions to invalid soldiers and sailors of the Republic and to the widows, orphans, and dependent mothers of those who have fallen in battle or died of disease contracted or of wounds received in the service of their country have been diligently administered. There have been added to the pension rolls during the year ending the 30th day of June last the names of 16,770 invalid soldiers and of 271 disabled seamen, making the present number of army invalid pensioners 22,767 and of navy invalid pensioners 712.
Of widows, orphans, and mothers 22,198 have been placed on the army pension rolls and 248 on the navy rolls. The present number of army pensioners of this class is 25,433 and of navy pensioners 793. At the beginning of the year the number of Revolutionary pensioners was 1,430. Only 12 of them were soldiers, of whom 7 have since died. The remainder are those who under the law receive pensions because of relationship to Revolutionary soldiers. During the year ending the 30th of June, 1864, $4,504,616.92 have been paid to pensioners of all classes.
I cheerfully commend to your continued patronage the benevolent institutions of the District of Columbia which have hitherto been established or fostered by Congress, and respectfully refer for information concerning them and in relation to the Washington Aqueduct, the Capitol, and other matters of local interest to the report of the Secretary.
The Agricultural Department, under the supervision of its present energetic and faithful head, is rapidly commending itself to the great and vital interest it was created to advance It is peculiarly the people's Department, in which they feel more directly concerned than in any other. I commend it to the continued attention and fostering care of Congress.
The war continues. Since the last annual message all the important lines and positions then occupied by our forces have been maintained and our arms have steadily advanced, thus liberating the regions left in rear, so that Missouri, Kentucky, Tennessee, and parts of other States have again produced reasonably fair crops.
The most remarkable feature in the military operations of the year is General Sherman's attempted march of 300 miles directly through the insurgent region. It tends to show a great increase of our relative strength that our General in Chief should feel able to confront and hold in check every active force of the enemy, and yet to detach a well-appointed large army to move on such an expedition. The result not yet being known, conjecture in regard to it is not here indulged.
Important movements have also occurred during the year to the effect of molding society for durability in the Union. Although short of complete success, it is much in the fight direction that 12,000 citizens in each of the States of Arkansas and Louisiana have organized loyal State governments, with free constitutions, and are earnestly struggling to maintain and administer them. The movements in the same direction, more extensive though less definite, in Missouri, Kentucky, and Tennessee should not be overlooked. But Maryland presents the example of complete success. Maryland is secure to liberty and union for all the future. The genius of rebellion will no more claim Maryland. Like another foul spirit being driven out, it may seek to tear her, but it will woo her no-more.
At the last session of Congress a proposed amendment of the Constitution abolishing slavery throughout the United States passed the Senate, but failed for lack of the requisite two-thirds vote in the House of Representatives. Although the present is the same Congress and nearly the same members, and without questioning the wisdom or patriotism of those who stood in opposition, I venture to recommend the reconsideration and passage of the measure at the present session. Of course the abstract question is not changed; but in intervening election shows almost certainly that the next Congress will pass the measure if this does not. Hence there is only a question of time as to when the proposed amendment will go to the States for their action. And as it is to so go at all events, may we not agree that the sooner the better? It is not claimed that the election has imposed a duty on members to change their views or their votes any further than, as an additional element to be considered, their judgment may be affected by it. It is the voice of the people now for the first time heard upon the question. In a great national crisis like ours unanimity of action among those seeking a common end is very desirable?almost indispensable. And yet no approach to such unanimity is attainable unless some deference shall be paid to the will of the majority simply because it is the will of the majority. In this case the common end is the maintenance of the Union, and among the means to secure that end such will, through the election, is most dearly declared in favor of such constitutional amendment.
The most reliable indication of public purpose in this country is derived through our popular elections. Judging by the recent canvass and its result, the purpose of the people within the loyal States to maintain the integrity of the Union was never more firm nor more nearly unanimous than now. The extraordinary calmness and good order with which the millions of voters met and mingled at the polls give strong assurance of this. Not only all those who supported the Union ticket, so called, but a great majority of the opposing party also may be fairly claimed to entertain and to be actuated by the same purpose. It is an unanswerable argument to this effect that no candidate for any office whatever, high or low, has ventured to seek votes on the avowal that he was for giving up the Union. There have been much impugning of motives and much heated controversy as to the proper means and best mode of advancing the Union cause, but on the distinct issue of Union or no Union the politicians have shown their instinctive knowledge that there is no diversity among the people. In affording the people the fair opportunity of showing one to another and to the world this firmness and unanimity of purpose, the election has been of vast value to the national cause.
The election has exhibited another tact not less valuable to be known?the fact that we do not approach exhaustion in the most important branch of national resources, that of living men. While it is melancholy to reflect that the war has filled so many graves and carried mourning to so many hearts, it is some relief to know that, compared with the surviving, the fallen have been so few. While corps and divisions and brigades and regiments have formed and fought and dwindled and gone out of existence, a great majority of the men who composed them are still living. The same is true of the naval service. The election returns prove this. So many voters could not else be found. The States regularly holding elections, both now and four years ago, to wit, California, Connecticut, Delaware, Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kentucky, Maine, Maryland, Massachusetts, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, Ohio, Oregon, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, Vermont, West Virginia, and Wisconsin, east 3,982,011 votes now, against 3,870,222 cast then, showing an aggregate now of 3,982,011. To this is to be added 33,762 cast now in the new States of Kansas and Nevada, which States did not vote in 1860, thus swelling the aggregate to 4,015,773 and the net increase during the three years and a half of war to 145,551. A table is appended showing particulars. To this again should be added the number of all soldiers in the field from Massachusetts, Rhode Island, New Jersey, Delaware, Indiana, Illinois, and California, who by the laws of those States could not vote away from their homes, and which number can not be less than 90,000. Nor yet is this all. The number in organized Territories is triple now what it was four years ago, while thousands, white and black, join us as the national arms press back the insurgent lines. So much is shown, affirmatively and negatively, by the election. It is not material to inquire how the increase has been produced or to show that it would have been greater but for the war, which is probably true. The important fact remains demonstrated that we have more men now than we had when the war began; that we are not exhausted nor in process of exhaustion; that we are gaining strength and may if need be maintain the contest indefinitely. This as to men. Material resources are now more complete and abundant than ever.
The national resources, then, are unexhausted, and, as we believe, inexhaustible. The public purpose to reestablish and maintain the national authority is unchanged, and, as we believe, unchangeable. The manner of continuing the effort remains to choose. On careful consideration of all the evidence accessible it seems to me that no attempt at negotiation with the insurgent leader could result in any good. He would accept nothing short of severance of the Union, precisely what we will not and can not give. His declarations to this effect are explicit and oft repeated. He does not attempt to deceive us. He affords us no excuse to deceive ourselves. He can not voluntarily reaccept the Union; we can not voluntarily yield it. Between him and us the issue is distinct, simple, and inflexible. It is an issue which can only be tried by war and decided by victory. If we yield, we are beaten; if the Southern people fail him, he is beaten. Either way it would be the victory and defeat following war. What is true, however, of him who heads the insurgent cause is not necessarily true of those who follow. Although he can not reaccept the Union, they can. Some of them, we know, already desire peace and reunion. The number of such may increase. They can at any moment have peace simply by laying down their arms and submitting to the national authority under the Constitution. Alter so much the Government could not, if it would, maintain war against them. The loyal people would not sustain or allow it. If questions should remain, we would adjust them by the peaceful means of legislation, conference, courts, and votes, operating only in constitutional and lawful channels. Some certain, and other possible, questions are and would be beyond the Executive power to adjust; as, for instance, the admission of members into Congress and whatever might require the appropriation of money. The Executive power itself would be greatly diminished by the cessation of actual war. Pardons and remissions of forfeitures, however, would still be within Executive control. In what spirit and temper this control would be exercised can be fairly judged of by the past.
A year ago general pardon and amnesty, upon specified terms, were offered to all except certain designated classes, and it was at the same time made known that the excepted classes were still within contemplation of special clemency. During the year many availed themselves of the general provision, and many more would, only that the signs of bad faith in some led to such precautionary measures as rendered the practical process less easy and certain. During the same time also special pardons have been granted to individuals of the excepted classes, and no voluntary application has been denied. Thus practically the door has been for a full year open to all except such as were not in condition to make free choice; that is, such as were in custody or under constraint. It is still so open to all. But the time may come, probably will come, when public duty shall demand that it be closed and that in lieu more rigorous measures than heretofore shall be adopted. In presenting the abandonment of armed resistance to the national authority on the part of the insurgents as the only indispensable condition to ending the war on the part of the Government, I retract nothing heretofore said as to slavery. I repeat the declaration made a year a ago, that "while I remain in my present position I shall not attempt to retract or modify the emancipation proclamation, nor shall I return to slavery any person who is free by the terms of that proclamation or by any of the acts of Congress." If the people should, by whatever mode or means, make it an Executive duty to re-enslave such persons, another, and not I, must be their instrument to perform it. In stating a single condition of peace I mean simply to say that the war will cease on the part of the Government whenever it shall have ceased on the part of those who began it.
State - 1860 - 1864
California - 118,840 - 110,000
Connecticut - 77,246 - 86,616
Delaware - 16,039 - 16,924
Illinois - 339,693 - 348,235
Indiana - 272,143 - 280,645
Iowa - 128,331 - 143,331
Kentucky - 146,216 - 91,300
Maine - 97,918 - 115,141
Maryland - 92,502 - 72,703
Massachusetts - 169,533 - 175,487
Michigan - 154,747 - 162,413
Minnesota - 34,799 - 42,534
Missouri - 165,538 - 90,000
New Hampshire - 65,953 - 69,111
New Jersey - 121,125 - 128,680
New York - 675,156 - 730,664
Ohio - 42,441 - 470,745
Oregon - 14,410 - 14,410+
Pennsylvania - 476,442 - 572,697
Rhode Island - 19,931 - 22,187
Vermont - 42,844 - 55,811
West Virginia - 46,195 - 33,874
Wisconsin - 152,180 - 148,513 -
https://www.columbiatribune.com/article/20141206/NEWS/312069935
1864
150 YEARS AGO: Lincoln urges passage of 13th Amendment in annual message to Congress★
WASHINGTON -- The issues at stake in the war were simple and the conditions for peace, as explicitly stated by Confederate President Jefferson Davis, were unacceptable, President Abraham Lincoln wrote in his annual message to Congress.
Referring to Davis as the “insurgent leader, Lincoln wrote: “He would accept nothing short of severance of the Union, precisely what we will not and can not give .... He does not attempt to deceive us. He affords us no excuse to deceive ourselves .... Between him and us the issue is distinct, simple, and inflexible. It is an issue which can only be tried by war and decided by victory.”
Lincoln also asked Congress to pass the proposed 13th Amendment, ending slavery, before their terms ended March 4. The proposal passed the Senate but failed in the House in the first session of the 38th Congress. The next Congress, scheduled to meet for the first time in December 1865, would almost certainly pass the amendment, Lincoln wrote.
“Hence there is only a question of time as to when the proposed amendment will go to the states for their action,” Lincoln wrote. “And as it is to so go at all events, may we not agree that the sooner the better?”
The first two-thirds of the 5,800-word message, read to a joint session of Congress by Lincoln’s secretary, John Nicolay, covered foreign affairs and domestic issues only tangentially related to the war.
Deficit spending covered the cost of the war, with 71 percent of outlays financed by borrowing money, Lincoln reported. Military spending was 89 percent of the budget and the national debt was $1.74 billion, expected to increase by $500 million if the war continued another year.
Lincoln urged Congress to exempt interest on the debt from taxes to encourage Americans to buy government securities. “The great advantage of citizens being creditors as well as debtors with relation to the public debt is obvious,” he wrote. “Men readily perceive that they cannot be much oppressed by a debt which they owe to themselves.”
The war would end when the Confederacy admitted defeat, Lincoln. His only other condition was that men and women released from slavery by the Emancipation Proclamation would remain free.
“If the people should, by whatever mode or means, make it an Executive duty to re-enslave such persons, another, and not I, must be their instrument to perform it,” Lincoln wrote. “In stating a single condition of peace I mean simply to say that the war will cease on the part of the Government whenever it shall have ceased on the part of those who began it.”
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ST. CHARLES -- Of 164 names drawn for Boone County in the draft Nov. 14, 20 men had been accepted for duty and 27 furnished substitutes at costs generally ranging from $300 to $700, the Columbia Missouri Statesman reported.
Under the federal conscription laws, each county was assigned a recruiting quota each time a new call for troops was announced. If volunteers did not fill the requirement, a draft was held calling out twice as many men as needed to account for those unable to do military service or who would not appear.
Boone County was given a credit for volunteers after the draft occurred but remained 17 short of the quota, the newspaper reported. If the quota was not filled, a second draft would be held.
“Those not drafted are deeply interested in seeing that those who are should ‘come to time’ ” the Statesman reported.
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FAYETTE -- Bettie Pritchett’s latest letter to her husband Carr Pritchett had few of the fears of bushwhackers and worries about the loss of protection from Union troops that had marked almost all her correspondence of the past two months.
“No local news of any importance,” Pritchett wrote in the letter filled with concern about their domestic arrangements and the health and education of their four children.
“Eight bushwhackers robbed two drafted men near Bogg’s on Sunday,” was her only reference to the war.
Carr Pritchett was an educator and Methodist minister who helped found the school known today as Central Methodist University. Driven from home for his Unionist sentiments, Pritchett had accepted a job in Washington, D.C.
Her greatest concern was for her children and their education in his absence, Bettie Pritchett wrote. The two youngest boys were not old enough for formal lessons and the oldest boy, Henry, was doing well. Their daughter Lizzie, 12, “gives me a good deal of annoyance with her carelessness and indolence. I know circumstances are much against her improvement, but I fear this winter will tell sadly on her education.”
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BOONVILLE -- Charles Kincaid, 16, was conscripted into the rebel army against his will, six residents of Cooper and Saline County wrote in a petition for his release from Gratiot Street Prison.
Kincaid moved to Lamine Township in Cooper County in December 1861, when his Unionist father, L.N. Kincaid, moved from Harrisonville, Samuel Collins wrote in a separate statement on the lad’s behalf. “I also know that in the first of August last that Charles T. Kincaid was hiding from the rebels and that his father sent him off to keep them from killing him or taking him off with them,” Collins wrote.
Despite his father’s efforts, Maj. Gen. Sterling Price’s Confederates took Kincaid when they passed through Saline County, Collins wrote.
Kincaid had been “hiding and dodging from the rebels and ... they hunted for him and found him,” the petition stated.
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