2020年7月30日木曜日

ミンスキー批判 The provenance of the Job Guarantee concept in MMT – Bill Mitchell – Modern Monetary Theory 2020/04/20


参考

ミンスキー1991

http://www.levyinstitute.org/pubs/wp51.pdf

ミンスキー1965

https://digitalcommons.bard.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1271&context=hm_archive

2020/07/30

https://love-and-theft-2014.blogspot.com/2020/07/setting-things-straight-about-job.html

2019/11/27

The historical beginning of the MMT team – from the archives – Bill Mitchell – Modern Monetary Theory

http://bilbo.economicoutlook.net/blog/?p=43747

MMT創世記

https://love-and-theft-2014.blogspot.com/2020/07/mmt1996.html


ミンスキー批判

The provenance of the Job Guarantee concept in MMT – Bill Mitchell – Modern Monetary Theory

2020/04/20

https://love-and-theft-2014.blogspot.com/2020/07/the-provenance-of-job-guarantee-concept.html






MMTにおける職務保証のコンセプトの由来–ビルミッチェル–現代通貨理論

MMTでのジョブ保証コンセプトの起源

現代の貨幣理論(MMT)と呼ばれる一連の作業に対する世間の監視が広まるにつれて、これまでに行われたことを歪めたり、さもなければ損なったりする多くの誤報が海外にあります。誤解や強調のすべてではありませんが、ほとんどは私たちの仕事を攻撃する人々からのものです。彼らの批判は通常、MMTがどこから来たのか、そしてコア命題と論理が何であるかについての不完全な理解を明らかにしています。彼らは通常、主流の思考に存在するがMMTの考え方には適用できない用語や構成を使用してスタイルを設定し、「お金を印刷する」などのことを吐き出してしまい、私たちの仕事の壊滅的な拒絶を表していると考えています。私自身の仕事の一部として、私はウォーレンモスラーと連携してこれを行っていますが、私たちが現在MMTと呼んでいるものにつながった一連のイベントを文書化することに興味があります。私は歴史が大好きで、物事を理解する上で非常に重要だと思います。したがって、今日私は主要なMMT概念の起源を追跡するためにアーカイブの調査を続けています。そして、私はMMTのフレームワークの中心であるジョブ保証のアイデアを文書化し続けています。私は最近の新聞で、仕事の保証となったバッファーストック雇用アプローチの起源はハイマン・ミンスキーの仕事であると主張しました。あなたが見るように、真実から遠く離れているものは何もありません。私の考えでは、出所を非常に明確にすることが重要であり、それがこのブログ投稿の目的です。

私は長年にわたり、一連の仕事の起源を確立するために、事実に基づく歴史的情報を提供してきました。

たとえば、次の比較的最近のブログ投稿を読んでください。

1.  曲線の平坦化–フィリップス曲線  (2020年4月7日)。

2.  MMTチームの歴史的な始まり–アーカイブから  (2019年11月27日)。

この点で、私はフィナンシャルタイムズの記事(2020年4月17日)を読んで心配しました。この記事は、ステファニーケルトンへのインタビューを報告したもので、ハイマンミンスキーの仕事が、近代の発展における雇用保証の包含の源であったと述べています通貨理論(MMT)。

これが誤った報告であったかどうかにかかわらず、この主張は誤りであり、歴史的な修正主義に相当します。

一般的なポイントとして、私はこのブログ投稿でハイマンミンスキーの作業とMMTの開発との関連性の評価を提供しました。  ハイマンミンスキーはMMTの指針ではありませんでした  (2016年11月9日)。

私は彼のキャリアの早い段階で、ハイマンミンスキーがアバラーナーの機能的ファイナンスを提唱したと主張しました。

しかし、彼の経歴の後半で、ミンスキーはシフトしているように見え、私たちが現在「健全な金融」の原則と呼んでいるものを、やわらかな「赤字の鳩」の物語と融合することを提唱し始めました。

彼の後のポジションはどれもMMTのコア原則と一致していません。

彼の1986年の本–  不安定な経済の安定化  (イェール大学出版局)–は転機となったようです。ミンスキーの「サウンドファイナンス」の道は、その本で本当に浮上しました。

彼は以前に政府債務を安定化力と見なしていたのに対し(銀行がリスクのない資産に分散することを可能にするためなど)、彼は1980年代にロナルドレーガンが大統領になったときに見方を変えました。

この時点で、彼は政府債務が非政府債投資家に直面して信用できなくなるリスクがあると主張しました。

彼の1986年の本で、彼は書いた(pp.302、304):

合理的かつ達成可能な状況下で有利なキャッシュフロー(黒字)を生み出す税制と支出制度があれば、政府は不況時に信用力の低下を被ることなく赤字を実行できます…

バランスの取れた、または余剰の政府予算からの逸脱は、一時的なものとして理解する必要があります-戦争は終わり、資源開発プログラムは終了するか、収入は完全雇用レベルになります

彼の主なメッセージは、財政結果は完全雇用でバランスが取れているか余剰でなければならないということでした。ただし、これはMMTの立場ではありません。

彼は1991年4月 、その月のレビー会議で発表された論文であるレビーインスティテュートのワーキングペーパー51 – 金融危機:体系的または特異的 – を作成したときに、そのメッセージを  強調しました。

この論文は 、1980年代の貯蓄・融資危機などの出来事からの不確実性が高まっている中で、金融システムをどのように「修正」できるかについて書かれてい  ました。

上記のブログ投稿では、彼の考え方の変化について詳しく分析しています。

しかし、この引用は代表的なものです。

政府部門に関して、彼は書いた(p.28):

政府は負債を検証するために収入を必要とするという点で他のどの組織とも違いはありません。これは、政府が通常の状態のバランスの取れた予算を持ち、不況と不況と大規模な戦争の赤字を考慮に入れるべきであることを意味します。

これは、MMTの地位でさえ離れていません。

しかし、ミンスキーがMMTの文献で表現されているように、仕事の保証のアイデアの源であるという主張はどうですか?

完全雇用のミンスキー

1965年、ハイマンミンスキーは、 マーガレットS.ゴードン編 『アメリカの貧困』の編著に、  雇用政策の役割という章を寄稿  しましたダウンロードリンクは、Bard Collegeで管理されているMinsky Archiveによって提供されます。それは素晴らしいリソースです。

この章は、ミンクシーの「仕事の保証」の擁護の源泉として引用されています。

その章でミンスキーは、「貧困との戦い」には「雇用創出プログラム」を含める必要があり、国は「厳しい労働市場を維持する」必要があり、そのために次のことが必要であると正しく述べています。

…私たちがこれまでに見たよりも大胆で、想像力に富み、雇用を創出するための拡張的な金融および財政政策の一貫性。

彼が認識した問題は、「過度のインフレ」なしに「タイトな完全雇用」を維持することでした。

紙はその目標を達成する方法についてでした。

彼の「タイトな完全雇用」の概念は、「賃金が上がる」状態で、企業は「実際よりも多くの労働者を雇用することを好むであろう」ことを要求した。

言い換えれば、欠員は失業者を上回っており、これはかつて私たちが完全雇用について考えていた方法でした。

そのような状態は動的な効率につながります:より高い賃金、低賃金からより高い賃金への仕事のアップグレード、より高い生産性、より高い参加およびより低い失業。

アーサーオクンは彼の「アップグレードの仮説」でこれについて話しました。

しかしミンスキーは、「タイトな完全雇用」を追求することは、賃金向上効果から生じる「コスト押し上げインフレにつながる」と主張した。

しかし、そのインフレは新しい賃金の相対性に対する一時的な調整になるでしょう。

その後、彼の論文は「タイトな完全雇用」を達成するための「障壁」に焦点を当てており、彼は「ゴールドスタンダード」と「私たちの国際収支問題」について話したと聞いています。これは、(当時のように)固定為替レートシステムでは、金融政策は為替レートをターゲットにする必要があるという考えに関連しています。

彼はそれを結論付けました:

したがって、総需要を拡大するために実際に利用できる工夫は財政だけです。

そして問題は、フィリップス曲線の世界では、財政拡大がインフレのボトルネックを引き起こさないことを保証することでした。つまり、「現在の貧困層に最大の主要な影響と副次的な影響を与える」ように調整する必要がありました。

彼は過去の支出の取り組みを「貧困層に偏見がある」と批判した。そして彼は「アメリカの貧しいクマが金でできている十字架」と言うことは正確であると考えました–政府にタイトな労働市場を避けることを強制した国際収支の制約に関連して。

彼は米国が金本位制を放棄すべきだと明確に考えたが、それはその時に起こらないであろうことを理解した。

公共部門の雇用創出に対する従来の「公共事業」アプローチを拒否した後、彼は貧困層を対象とするいくつかの政策介入(トレーニング、移転など)を提案しました。

これらの介入の中で、ミンスキーは次のように書いた:

全国最低賃金で働きたいすべての人が仕事を利用できるようにすべきです。これは、農産物の価格サポートに類似した賃金サポート法になります。それは最低賃金法を置き換えるでしょう。すべての人が最低賃金で仕事ができる場合、この最低賃金よりも低い賃金の民間雇用主は労働力を利用できなくなります。これらの条件での就労資格を得るために必要なことは、地方公共団体で登録することです。雇用オフィス。

一見すると、この提案はジョブ保証との類似点があります。

しかし、ミンスキーの動機はまったく異なりました-貧困との戦いとして。スキームが「自動安定装置」または労働者をインフレートから固定価格セクターにシフトするための再分配メカニズムであるという言及はありませんでした。

確かに、ミンスキーは、制度が導入された後、「民間部門の低賃​​金が、できれば高賃金よりも早くうまくいけば」押し上げられるような条件を作り出すことについてすべてでした。

しかし、ミンスキーが当時私たちがジョブ保証と呼んでいるものの完全な概念を詳しく述べていたとしても、それでもその主張は有効にはなりません。

MMTでのジョブ保証コンセプトの起源

FTの記事では、MMT内のコンセプトの起源の中心にあるジョブ保証の問題が取り上げられ、この回答を書くように促されました。

これは関連するセクションです(面接担当者が一人称で書く):

ケルトンがなぜ現代の通貨理論を連邦政府の雇用保証の方針に明示的に結び付けているのかと常に疑問に思っていました。「それはすべてミンスキーにあります」と彼女は言います。仕事の保証は「自動安定剤」であると彼女は説明します。最も単純な方法で不況時に経済にお金を押し込むことで成長を安定させます。企業がスタッフを削減しても、人々は依然として支出する給与を持っています。

明確にしましょう。中核となるMMTの構成要素であるジョブ保証の概念が「すべてミンスキーにある」という主張は誤りです。

ここでフィナンシャル・タイムズで報告されたコメントの動機を言おうとはしません。おそらく、いくつかの誤った引用が行われています。知るか?

しかし、MMTの始まりをよく知っている人は、ミンスキーをモチベーションの貴重な情報源と見なしません。

私が言えることは、2人(ウォーレンモースラーと私)の権限で、現在の通貨理論(MMT)と呼ばれる作業体系に入ったときのジョブ保証の概念は、ハイマンの作業とは何の関係もないということです。ミンスキー。

ミンスキーは、仕事の保証として知られるようになったアイデアの知的ソースではありませんでした。

別の言い方をすると、歴史を再発明し、MMTフレームワーク内のコンセプトの基本的な出所を否定することです。

そして明らかに、ウォーレンと私は財団の出所を維持することに関心があります。

明確にするために、ウォーレンと私はこの問題について詳細に説明しました。

私は過去に、完全雇用と物価安定へのバッファーストック雇用(BSE)アプローチと呼んだ命題につながった自分の考えの進化を文書化しました。

ここでは繰り返しませんが、最近、このブログ投稿で、曲線を平坦化するフィリップス曲線  (2020年4月7日)について少し詳しく説明しました  

そのとき私が言わなかったのは、当時、私がウォーレンに出会い、多かれ少なかれBSEと彼のEmployer of Last Resort(ELR)のアプローチが同じであるということにさえ同意したということです。ミンスキーの作品を本当に読んでください。これには、1965年の記事や、貧困への取り組みを詳しく説明した後の作品が含まれます。

私は確かに 彼の雇用に関する研究を読んでいませ  んでしたが、金融の不安定性に関する彼の考えに精通しており、それはここで焦点が当てられているトピックとは何の関係もありません。

ミンスキーを読んだこととは別に、ウォーレンもELRのアイデアを思いついたと思いました。しかし、記憶が正確であることを確認するために、この回答を書く前に、彼に具体的な説明を求めました。

私たちの間の過去24時間の次の交換は関連しています。

Q(私):ELRの最初のアイデアを思いついたとき、完全雇用に関するハイマンミンスキーの1965年の記事を読みましたか?

A(ウォーレン):いいえ、ランディの名前が上がって会議が始まると言われるまで、彼のことは聞いたこともありませんでした。私はランディにミンスキーがそれを取り入れると思っていて、それほど楽観的ではなかったか尋ねました。

Q(私):ミンスキーは当時のあなたの考えの動機でしたか?

A(ウォーレン):いいえ。私が指示されたいくつかの部分は、金融操作を理解する可能性をいくつか示しましたが、他の部分はその逆を示しました。

このブログ投稿–  MMTチームの歴史的な始まり–アーカイブ (2019年11月27日)から–私は– ケインズ理論の電子メールディスカッションリストの投稿 –への貢献者としてのウォーレンモスラーとの関係の始まりを追跡し   ました。 1994年7月に開始された初期のインターネットリストサーバー。

そのブログ投稿のアーカイブからスニペットを読むと、コンセプトの起源を確立するのに役立ちます。

私はBSEという用語を使用して、1978年に学部時代に開発した「バッファーストック雇用」モデルを説明しました。ウォーレンは、当時のEKT(Employer of Last Resort)モデル(ELR)をPKTリストにも導入しました。

現時点では、1997年の最初の2か月の間に、2つの概念が同じものであることが明らかになり、BSE / ELRアプローチに言及し始めました。

1997年1月に、私はディスカッションリストに「セミナー」を行いました(これは、1人が論文を投稿し、翌月のリストで議論されるプロセスでした)。

1997年2月、ウォーレンがセミナーを行う番でした。

この2か月の間に、リストメンバーからのアイデアに対する反発が多数ありました。

1997年2月13日木曜日に、ウォーレン・モスラーはリストに書いた、そしてとりわけ言った:

私は数年前に「ソフトカレンシーエコノミクス」を書いて、なぜ現地通貨でのソブリン債務が常にお金に良いのかを概説しました。それは、他のほとんどの人がデフォルトを恐れていたときに、私自身と他のいくつかのヘッジファンドマネージャーがイタリア政府のリラ債務をlibor + 1.50%で安心して購入できる理由の要点です。「内生のお金」という言葉は聞いたことがありません。ムーア、レイ、グッドハート、カルドールの名前は知りませんでした。ポストケインズ派の金融経済については何も知りませんでした。

それは彼が経済文学の外で活動していたという点を補強します。

また、ポストケインズ派の経済学者の大多数(そしてリストはその学派の主要メンバー全員で構成されていたが、定義したい)はBSE / ELRアプローチを特に支持しておらず、バッファーストックがどのように機能するかをご覧ください。

1997年2月23日日曜日に広範囲にわたる批判が放送された後、私はウォーレンをサポートするために詳細なコメントを書き、BSEモデルが機能する方法を繰り返し、とりわけ次のように述べました。

私はウォーレンについて話すことはできませんが、私のBSEモデル(力学ではELRと同等です)は確かにこれらの仕事を、私が現在持っているかもしれないLFへの尊厳、セキュリティ、および愛着を提供する通常の日常的な仕事と見なしています。

私たちは通貨システムにおけるBSE / ELRの位置に焦点を合わせていました。

ウォーレンはその日の後半(1997年2月23日)に対応してこう書いている:

これは、もし彼らが現代のお金を理解し、失業と物価の安定を望まなかったならば、まさに彼らが従事するであろう対話のタイプです。政治プロセスはプログラムを考え出し、それを時間の経過とともに修正します。

私たちのパートナーシップが形成されていました。

Journal of Post Keynesian Economicsの編集者であり、生涯にわたるケインズ自身の作品のサポーターでもあったポールデイビッドソンは、1997年2月23日に「セミナー」の主要テーマの要約を提供しました。

一部には、彼は書いた:

…ELRまたはBillが労働提案のバッファーストックと呼んでいるもの。ここで私はビルとウォーレンが最も良い議論を示したと思います。

余談ですが、進行中の認識の不協和を示すために、この進歩主義者のコミュニティの中でさえ、PKTの1人のメンバーが書きました(1997年2月20日)。

…モスラー、ミッチェル、デビッドソン、レイはどこか別の場所に住んでいます。

1997年2月24日に、ウォーレンモスラーは彼のセミナーペーパーの大幅に好意的な表現に次のように応えました。

…従来のアプローチも機能しますが、たとえばそれを説明するために、ビルミッチェルまたはバジルムーアの最後の論文を理解する必要があります。これは非常に複雑なので、通りの男は予算のバランスを取るために投票します。ストリートで最もインテリジェントな男性を含みます。現在のロジックでは予算のバランスをとることができないいくつかの制限があります。

1997年3月1日、ランディレイは最初の議論に介入し、ELRアプローチを支持する長い記事を書きました。

彼は最初にポイントを作りました:

これはミンスキーによって提唱されたものだった(たとえば、1986年の本の中で)ため、私は最後の手段の雇用主として政府に長い間興味を持っていました。しかし、ミンスキーでは常に少しユートピア的でした。議論にはいくつかのギャップがあった。しかし、ウォーレンの論文を見たとき、彼はギャップを埋める方法を提供していたようです

1997年3月7日、BSE / ELRが本質的にマクロ経済学における幅広いフィリップス曲線の議論に関連していたという概念が明示されました。

私は書きました(スペルと文法の編集を含む):

私のBSEモデル(ELRに似ています)の開発で私が現在取り組んでいる重要なことは、このオプションとフィリップス曲線(PC)の関係です。

実際にBSEがなければ、実質所得シェアをめぐる労働と資本の対立を反映したNAIRUがあり、そのレベルの失業率は一時的に実質所得の主張を両立させます。それは調和のとれた、あるいは自然な失業率ではありません。概念的には、交渉関係への何らかの変更が安定株のレートを上下させる前の1日間続く可能性があります。

したがって、多数の定常失業率があり、それぞれが経済の過去の歴史(国家依存など)の観点から定義されており、それぞれが次のように不安定です。

次に、PCは特定の状態依存パスによって定義されます。

BSE政策では、失業はないので、広い意味でのNAIRUはあり得ません。民間のNAIRUしかない…

現実はBSE / ELRであり、賃金と価格の対立が依然として発生する可能性があるため、依然としてインフレを得ることができます。マクロ経済の失業はそれから脱出することはできません。

しかし、民間部門と公共部門の間でシフトを得ることができます。インフレスパイラルがADに食い込んでいるとき(政府が圧力に対応していないため)、民間部門での仕事は失われますが、全体では失われません。したがって、現在の定常状態(または互換性のある)交渉関係の観点から、失業率を定義することができます。この失業率は民間部門の率のみです。著しく異なるインフレ失業率(全体)のダイナミクスが出現します。

ウォレンは同じ日に対応し、その概念化をミクロ指向の独占の中に置いた。

はい。これは基本的に政府が独占しているため、q(支出と貸出、および金融政策を通じて望ましいH(nfa)を操作する)を設定し、p(政府が支払う価格)を市場に出すことから生じていると付け加えます。

1997年3月9日、ランディレイは会話を再開し、次のように述べました。

…elrセミナーが続いているのを見てうれしいです。ビルm。ウォーレンはいくつかの興味深い貢献をしてくれましたが、私はそれらを印刷して法案の解説を詳しく調べることができるようにしたいと思っています。

1997年3月16日、ウォーレンのセミナーは6週間にわたって「激怒」しており、ウォーレンからの要約声明で正式に閉会しました。

これにより、「完全雇用と価格安定」(FEAPS)セミナーが正式に終了します。焦点はelrの提案であり
、Bill MitchellのBSE提案と実質的に異ならない…おそらく、追加されたのは、さまざまな所得政策が設計されているように、定義された価格安定を維持しながら、elrの政策が予算赤字を変動させる理由であるする。そして重要なのは、政府が支払う通貨、この場合は賃金を抑え、通貨の安定した価値を維持することです。

もう一度、フィリップス曲線の議論の観点からBSE / ELRを売り込みます。

私たち(ウォーレン、ランディ、私)が共同で作業を開始し、ウォーレンがプロジェクト(マシュー、パブリナなど)に他の人を採用した後、バッファーストックアプローチの説明に使用する用語について議論しました。

すでに述べたように、この期間は主に英国での狂牛病の発生と一致していたため、私のアプローチをBSEモデルと呼ぶのは賢明ではないと考えました

他の場所で説明した理由から、ELRという用語も好きではありませんでした。

 ちょうどその頃、私はウェンデルゴードンの論文を読みました–  就職保証—復職した職務保証– 経済問題誌に掲載されました   –そして私は職務保証という名前でBSE / ELRを統一することを提案しました。

ゴードンの構想はMMTジョブ保証ではありませんでしたが、用語(JG)が私たちの進歩に役立つと思いました。

繰り返しになりますが、ミンスキーの名前や仕事は決して審議の対象にはなりませんでした。

結論

ポイントは次のとおりです。

1.現在中核となるMMTである職務保証の概念は、ウォーレンモスラー(ELR)と私(BSE)がその時点で話し合いに参加しました。これがMMT内のコンセプトの起源でした。

2.ミンスキーについては触れられていない。かつてBSE / ELRのアイデアに触れた彼の元博士課程の学生であるランディレイだけが、BSE / ELRのアプローチとミンスキー自身の以前のアイデアとの重複を指摘しました。しかし、それは概念に関するPKTの議論に十分含まれており、ウォーレンと私が提唱しているBSE / ELRアプローチがミンスキーのアイデアよりもはるかに進んでおり、コアマネージメントロジック(MMTアプローチ)に概念を結び付けたことを彼は認めた。

3. MMTの活動の歴史と始まりを知っている人は、MMTが仕事の保証を一連の仕事の重要な部分であると考える理由は、ハイマンミンスキーが書いたり言ったりしたことによるものであると合理的には言いません。

その行を主張することは、概念の起源を(意図的にまたは無知によって)明示的に否定することです。

できる限り正確に履歴をレンダリングすることが重要です。

今日はこれで十分です!




The provenance of the Job Guarantee concept in MMT

As the public scrutiny of the body of work we now refer to as Modern Monetary Theory (MMT) widens there is a lot of misinformation abroad that distorts or otherwise undermines what has been done to date. Most, but not all the misinformation or emphasis comes from those who attack our work. Their criticisms usually disclose an incomplete understanding of where MMT came from and what the core propositions and logic are. They stylise, usually using terms and constructs that are present in mainstream thinking, but inapplicable to an MMT way of thinking, and end up spitting out things like ‘printing money’ etc, which they think represents a devastating rejection of our work. As part of my own work, and I do this in liaison with Warren Mosler, I am interested in documenting the train of events that led to what we now call MMT. I love history and think it is very important in helping us understand things. So today I am continuing to examine archives to trace the provenance of key MMT concepts. And I am continuing to document the idea of a Job Guarantee, which is central to the MMT framework, despite many who claim to be MMTers thinking otherwise. I have noted in the recent press, claims that the origins of the buffer stock employment approach that became the Job Guarantee was the work of Hyman Minsky. Nothing could be further from the truth as you will see. It is important, in my view, to make the provenance very clear and that is what this blog post is about.

I have been providing factual historical information over the years to establish the provenance of the body of work.

Please read, for example, the following relatively recent blog posts:

1. Flattening the curve – the Phillips curve that is (April 7, 2020).

2. The historical beginning of the MMT team – from the archives (November 27, 2019).

In this vein, I was concerned to read in the Financial Times article (April 17, 2020), which reported an interview with Stephanie Kelton, that the work of Hyman Minsky was the source of the inclusion of a Job Guarantee in the development of Modern Monetary Theory (MMT).

Whether this was misreporting or not, the contention is false and amounts to historical revisionism.

As a general point, I provided an assessment of the relevance of Hyman Minsky’s work to the development of MMT in this blog post – Hyman Minsky was not a guiding light for MMT (November 9, 2016).

I argued that earlier in his career, Hyman Minsky advocated Abba Lerner’s functional finance.

But later in his career, Minsky seemed to shift and started to advocate what we now term to be ‘sound finance’ principles merging with a softer ‘deficit dove’ narrative.

None of his later positions are consistent with the core principles of MMT.

His 1986 book – Stabilizing an Unstable Economy (Yale University Press) – appeared to be a turning point. Minsky’s ‘sound finance’ path really emerged in that book.

Whereas he had previously considered government debt to be a stabilising force (to allow banks to diversify into risk-free assets etc) he changed his view in the 1980s when Ronald Reagan was President.

At this point, he increasingly argued that government debt was at risk of becoming non-credible in the face of non-government bond investors.

In his 1986 book, he wrote (pp.302, 304):

A government can run a deficit during a recession without suffering a deterioration of its creditworthiness if there is a tax and spending regime in place that would yield a favourable cash flow (a surplus) under reasonable and attainable circumstances …

Any deviation from a government budget that is balanced or in surplus must be understood as transitory- the war will be over, the resource development program will be finished, or income will be at the full employment level

His main message was that the fiscal outcome should be in balance or in surplus at full employment. However, that is not the MMT position at all.

He amplified that message in April 1991, when he produced a Working Paper 51 for the Levy Institute – Financial Crises: Systemic or Idiosyncratic – which was a paper presented at a Levy conference in that month.

The paper was about how the financial system could be ‘fixed’ in the face of increasing uncertainty from events such as the Savings and Loan crisis in the 1980s.

In the blog post cited above, I provide detailed analysis of his shift in thinking.

But this quote is representative.

In terms of the government sector, he wrote (p.28):

The government is no different than any other organization in that it needs revenues to validate its debts. This means that the government should have a normal conditions balanced budget, allowing for deficits in recessions and depressions and major wars.

This is not even remotely an MMT position.

But what of the claim that Minsky is the source of the Job Guarantee idea as it is expressed in the MMT literature?

Minsky on Full Employment

In 1965, Hyman Minsky contributed a chapter – The Role of Employment Policy – in the volume edited by Margaret S. Gordon – Poverty in America. The download link is provided by the Minsky Archive, maintained at the Bard College. It is a great resource.

This chapter is cited as being the source of Minksy’s advocacy of a ‘job guarantee’.

In that chapter, Minsky correctly noted that a “war against poverty” has to include “a program of job creation” and that required a nation to “sustain tight labor markets”, which, in turn required:

… bolder, more imaginative, and more consistent us of expansionary monetary and fiscal policy to create jobs than we have witnessed to date.

The problem that he recognised was to maintain “tight full employment” without “undue inflation”.

The paper was about how to achieve that goal.

His concept of “tight full employment” required that “at going wages”, firms “would prefer to employ more workers than they in fact do”.

In other words, vacancies outstrip the unemployed, which used be the way we conceived of full employment.

Such a state leads to dynamic efficiencies: higher wages, upgrading of jobs from low wage to higher wages, higher productivity, higher participation and lower unemployment.

Arthur Okun talked about this in his ‘upgrading hypothesis’.

Minsky, however, argued that pursuing “tight full employment” would “lead to a cost push inflation” arising from the wage upgrading effects.

However, that inflation would be a once-off adjustment to the new wage relativities.

His paper then focused on the “barriers” to achieving “tight full employment” and it is hear that he talked about the ‘gold standard’ and “our balance of payments problem”. This related to the idea that in a fixed exchange rate system (as it was then), monetary policy had to target the exchange rate.

He concluded that:

Thus, the only really available devises for expanding aggregate demand are fiscal.

And the problem then, in a Phillips curve world, was ensuring the fiscal expansion didn’t create inflationary bottlenecks – in other words, it had to be tailored to “have the largest primary and secondary impact upon the present poor.”

He criticised past spending initiatives as being “biased against the poor”. And he thought it was accurate to say that “the cross that the American poor bear is made of gold” – in reference to the balance of payments constraint which forced the government to eschew tight labour markets.

He clearly thought the US should abandon the gold standard but understood that would not happen at that time.

After rejecting the traditional “public works” approach to public sector job creation, he proposed several policy interventions to target the poor (such as, training, relocation, etc).

Among these interventions, Minsky wrote the following:

Work should be made available to all who want work at the national minimum wage. This would be a wage support law, analogous to the price supports for agricultural products. It would replace the minimum wage law; for, if work is available to all at the minimum wage, no labor will be available to private employers at a wage lower than this minimum … To qualify for employment at these terms, all that would be necessary would be to register at the local public employment office.

On the face of it, this proposal has similarities with the Job Guarantee.

But Minsky’s motivation was quite different – as a war on poverty. There was no mention of the scheme being an ‘automatic stabiliser’ or a redistributive mechanism to shift workers from inflating to the fixed price sector.

Indeed, Minsky was all about creating conditions where “low wages in the private sector would be pushed up, hopefully more quickly than high wages” once the scheme was introduced.

But even if Minsky had elaborated the full concept of what we call the Job Guarantee at that time, it would still not make the claim valid.

The provenance of the Job Guarantee concept in MMT

The FT article brought up the question of the Job Guarantee, which goes to the heart of the provenance of the concept within MMT and prompted me to write this response.

This is the relevant section (the interviewer writing in the first person):

I have always wondered why Kelton ties modern monetary theory explicitly to the policy of a federal jobs guarantee — a minimum pay cheque, for anyone who wants one. “It’s all in Minsky,” she says. A job guarantee is an “automatic stabiliser”, she explains. It stabilises growth by pushing money into the economy during a downturn in the most straightforward way: as firms cut staff, people still have a salary to spend.

Let us be clear – the contention that the concept of the Job Guarantee, a core MMT construct, is “all in Minsky” is false.

I will not attempt to impute motivation for the comments reported in the Financial Times here. Perhaps, there is some misquoting going on. Who knows?

But anyone familiar with the beginnings of MMT would not impute Minsky as a valuable source of motivation.

What I can say, with the authority of two (Warren Mosler and myself) is that the concept of the Job Guarantee as it entered the body of work which we now call Modern Monetary Theory (MMT) had nothing to do with the work of Hyman Minsky.

Minsky was in no way an intellectual source of the ideas that have become known as the Job Guarantee.

To say otherwise is to reinvent history and deny the basic provenance of the concept within the MMT framework.

And clearly, Warren and I are interested in preserving the provenance of the foundations.

To be absolutely clear, Warren and I have discussed this issue at length.

I have documented in the past the evolution of my own thinking that led to the proposition I called the Buffer Stock Employment (BSE) approach to full employment and price stability.

I won’t repeat that here but I recently discussed that, again, in some detail, in this blog post – Flattening the curve – the Phillips curve that is (April 7, 2020).

What I didn’t say then is that at the time, even up to the point that I met Warren and we more or less agreed that the BSE and his Employer of Last Resort (ELR) approach were the same, is that I had never really read any of Minsky’s work. That includes the 1965 article or any later work where he elaborated his poverty approach.

I had certainly not read his work on employment but had a familiarity with his ideas on financial instability, which have nothing to do with the topic in focus here.

I knew Warren also had come up with the ELR idea, independently of any reading of Minsky. But to ensure that recollection was accurate, I also sought specific clarification from him before I wrote this response.

The following interchange in the last 24 hours between us is relevant:

Q (me): When you were coming up with the original ELR idea, had you read Hyman Minsky’s 1965 article on full employment?

A (Warren): No, never even heard of him until somewhat later Randy brought his name up and said he’d set up a meeting. I asked Randy if he thought Minsky would take it in and he wasn’t all that optimistic.

Q (me): Was Minsky the motivation for your thinking at any point in those days?

A (Warren): No. The few parts I was directed to showed some possibility of an understanding of monetary operations, but others showed the opposite.

In this blog post – The historical beginning of the MMT team – from the archives (November 27, 2019) – I traced the beginnings of my relationship with Warren Mosler as contributors to the – Post Keynesian Theory E-mail Discussion List – which was an early Internet list server that began life in July 1994.

You can read the snippets from the archives in that blog post which helps to establish the provenance of the concept.

I used the term BSE to describe the ‘buffer stock employment’ model that I had developed in my undergraduate years in 1978. Warren introduced his Employer of Last Resort (ELR) model to the PKT list around then as well.

At this time, during the first two months of 1997, it became clear that the two conceptions were of the same thing and we started referring to the BSE/ELR approach.

In January 1997, I gave a ‘seminar’ to the discussion list (this was a process where one person would submit a paper and it would be discussed by the list for the next month).

In February 1997, it was Warren’s turn to give his seminar.

During those two months, there was a lot of push-back to the ideas from the list members including outright hostility from a few.

On Thursday, February 13, 1997, Warren Mosler wrote to the list and among other things said:

I wrote ‘Soft Currency Economics’ several years ago to outline why sovereign debt in local currency is always money good. It goes into the essence of why myself and several other hedge fund managers felt secure in purchasing Italian government lira debt at libor + 1.50% when most others were in fear of default. I had never heard the term ‘endogenous money;’ did not know the names Moore, Wray, Goodhart, and Kaldor; and knew nothing of Post Keynesian monetary economics.

Which reinforces the point that he was operating outside of the economics literature.

It was also clear that the majority of Post Keynesian economists (and the list was comprised of all the leading members of that school of thought, however, one wants to define it), were not particularly supportive of the BSE/ELR approach and failed to see the way in which a buffer stock would work.

After extensive criticism was aired, on Sunday, February 23, 1997, I wrote a detailed comment to support Warren where I reiterated the way in which the BSE model would work and noted among other things:

I cannot speak for Warren but my BSE model (which is equivalent in mechanics to ELR) certainly does see these jobs as regular day to day jobs providing dignity, security, and an attachment to the LF that i might currently have.

We were focusing on the place of the BSE/ELR in the monetary system.

Warren wrote later that day (February 23, 1997) in response:

This is exactly the type of dialogue all would be engaging in if they understood modern money and desired 0 unemployment and price stability. The political process would come up with a program and then modify it over time.

Our partnership was forming.

Paul Davidson, who was editor of the Journal of Post Keynesian Economics, and a lifelong supporter of Keynes’ own work, offered his summary of the main themes of the ‘seminar’ on February 23, 1997.

In part, he wrote:

… the ELR or what Bill calls the buffer stock of labor proposal. Here I think Bill and Warren have shown the best of the argument.

As an aside, to demonstrate the cognitive dissonance that was going on, even within this community of progressives, one member of PKT wrote (February 20, 1997):

… Mosler, Mitchell, Davidson and Wray are living somewhere else.

On February 24, 1997, Warren Mosler responded to a largely favourable rendition of his seminar paper with this:

… The traditional approach also works, but it takes an understanding of Bill Mitchell’s or Basil Moore’s last papers, for example to explain it. This is complicated enough so the man in the street votes to balance the budget. Including the most intelligent men in the street. The few econs against balancing the budget can’t get through with current logic.

On March 1, 1997, Randy Wray made his first intervention into the debate and wrote a long piece in support of the ELR approach.

He made the point at the outset:

I have long been interested in govt as employer of last resort because this was something advocated by Minsky (eg in his 1986 book). However, in Minsky it always seemed a bit utopian; there were a few gaps in the argument. When I saw Warren’s paper, however, he seemed to provide a way to fill the gaps

On March 7, 1997, the notion that BSE/ELR was intrinsically related to the broader Phillips curve debates in macroeconomics were made explicit.

I wrote (with edits for spelling and grammar):

In the development of my BSE model (which is similar to ELR) the important thing I am working on right now is the relationship between this option and the Phillips curve (PC).

Without the BSE in practice, there is a NAIRU – which is a reflection of a conflict between labour and capital over real income shares – that level of the unemployment rate, which temporarily renders the claims for real income compatible. It is not a harmonious or natural rate of unemployment rate – it might last, conceptually, for a day before some change to the bargaining relations sets the rate higher or lower for stable shares.

So there are a multitude of steady-state unemployment rates, each defined in terms of the past history of the economy (state dependence …) and each as unstable as the next.

The PC then is defined by a particular state-dependent path.

With a BSE policy, there is no unemployment so there can be no NAIRU in the broadest sense. There is only a private sector NAIRU …

The reality is with the BSE/ELR, wage-price conflict can still occur and so you can still get inflation. You cannot get macroeconomic unemployment though emerging from it.

But you can still get shifts between the private sector and the public sector … When the inflation spiral is eating into AD (as the govt does not accommodate the pressure), jobs are lost in the private sector but not overall. So we can still define some unemployment rate in terms of a current steady state (or compatible) bargaining relations. This unemployment rate is a private sector rate only. Significantly different inflation-unemployment rate (overall) dynamics emerge.

Warren responded on the same day and placed that conceptualisation within a micro-oriented monopoly:

Yes. I would add that fundamentally this stems from the government, as monopolist, setting (budgeting) q (spending and lending, and manipulating desired H(nfa) through monetary policy) and letting p (prices paid by govt.) be at market.

On March 9, 1997, Randy Wray reentered the conversation, saying:

… glad to see the elr seminar is carrying on; bill m. and warren have made some interesting contributions, but i want to print them so i can examine bill’s exposition in detail.

On March 16, 1997, Warren’s seminar, which had ‘raged’ for 6 weeks, was formally closed with a summary statement from Warren, which said, in part:

This will officially end the ‘Full Employment AND Price Stability’ (FEAPS) seminar. The focus was the elr proposal, which is not materially
different from Bill Mitchell’s BSE proposal … Perhaps what was added were reasons that an elr policy can allow the budget deficit to float while maintaining price stability as defined, much like various incomes policies have been designed to do. And that the key is for the Government to constrain the prices it pays, in this case for the elr wage, to maintain a stable value of its currency.

Once again, pitching the BSE/ELR in terms of the Phillips curve debate.

Once we (Warren, Randy and I) started working together and Warren had recruited others to the project (Mathew, Pavlina etc) we debated the terminology that we would use to describe the buffer stock approach.

As I have previously noted, this period coincided with the outbreak of the mad cow disease, principally in the UK, and so I thought it unwise to continue calling my approach the BSE model

I also didn’t like the terminology ELR for reasons I have explained elsewhere.

Around that time, I had read the paper of Wendell Gordon – Job Assurance — The Job Guarantee Revisited – which had just been published in the ”, Journal of Economic Issues – and I proposed we unify the BSE/ELR under the name Job Guarantee.

Gordon’s conception was not an MMT Job Guarantee, but I thought the terminology (JG) would help us advance.

Again, Minsky’s name or work, never came into the deliberations.

Conclusion

The point is that:

1. The concept of a Job Guarantee that is now core MMT was entered into the discussion at that time by Warren Mosler (ELR) and myself (BSE). This was the provenance of the concept within MMT.

2. Minsky was never mentioned. Only his former PhD student, Randy Wray, once exposed to the BSE/ELR ideas, noted some overlap between the BSE/ELR approach and Minsky’s own, earlier ideas. But that was well into the PKT debate about the concept and he acknowledged that the BSE/ELR approach that Warren and I were advocating went much further than Minsky’s ideas and tied the concept into core monetary logic – the MMT approach.

3. Anyone with knowledge of the history and the beginnings of the MMT work would not reasonably say that the reason that MMT considers a Job Guarantee to be an essential part of the body of work was due to anything that Hyman Minsky had written or said.

To try to argue that line is to explicitly deny (deliberately or through ignorance) the provenance of the concept.

It is important to render history as accurately as we can.

That is enough for today!

(c) Copyright 2020 William Mitchell. All Rights Reserved.



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UBI批判 Setting things straight about the Job Guarantee – Bill Mitchell – Modern Monetary Theory

参考
Conversation with William Mitchell and Noel Pearson, Newcastle, December...
2020/04/20



Setting things straight about the Job Guarantee – Bill Mitchell – Modern Monetary Theory

Setting things straight about the Job Guarantee

We need to get a few things straight. And this is partly for those out there who seem to think that the extent of literature on Modern Monetary Theory (MMT) or the Job Guarantee within MMT is confined to collections of Tweets that allow 280 characters or Unicode glyphs. One doesn’t become an expert on ‘full employment’ or ‘political economy’ because they have suddenly realised there is a major crisis in the labour market and have decided to strategically place their organisations for self-serving purposes to be champions of full employment. There is an enormous literature on the Job Guarantee and I have been a major contributor along with my valued colleagues. This is a crucial time in history and one of the glaring deficiencies in the current crisis and economic management in general is the lack of an employment safety net. This is what MMT has to say about that safety net and stabilisation framework.
Some recent high profile Op Eds in the mainstream Australian press that I have written in partnership with indigenous leader Noel Pearson have apparently inflamed the so-called progressives out there who seem to:
1. Object to me writing in the Murdoch press.
2. Object to me writing with Noel Pearson.
3. Object to me saying that I would scrap the current unemployment benefits system in Australia and replace it with a Job Guarantee.
4. Conclude that I have a naive grasp on the ‘political economy’ in Australia and are essentially pushing MMT towards a hard right political position.
Most of the objections come from people who have a past history with the Australian Labor Party in one way or another.
Lecturing someone about their grasp on political economy when they belong to organisations that spent millions of dollars at the last federal election in an attempt to get rid of the worst conservative government we have had, only to see the government returned with an increased majority is not very smart.
Further, spending considerable dollars targetting certain Ministers and then seeing them getting increased votes is not a very good indication of a sound grasp on political economy. In one case, in Brisbane, the Minister was totally unelectable but increased his majority such was the toxity and incompetence of the campaign that the organisation in question pursued.

Apples and oranges

Then there was a Tweet informing the world that all the MMT scholars other than me supported retention of the unemployment benefits if a Job Guarantee was introduced.
The message was that I was alone in that view and no longer represented the MMT position.
While it is not clear that the names quoted in that Tweet would have supported being named in that way, the point is that even if the statement was true, they were all US-based economists.
Why is that important?
The US unemployment benefits systems are not remotely comparable to the Australian system.
They are mostly decentralised systems (state based) with some Federal additions, the policies are not uniform across the states, and the systems tend to exclude workers who are deemed to have been fired for ‘misconduct’.
This BLS fact sheet – State Unemployment Insurance benefits – is instructive.
The US systems are mostly funded by “a tax imposed on employers”.
You have to have worked a “base period” (a minimum amount of time earning wages before being eligible).
Once on benefits, which are finite, your obligations is to answer questions about “continued eligibility” (mostly whether you have been working or not or have had job offers).
Whether a person has to “register for work with the State Employment Service” varies and is not uniform.
The benefits are computed “on a percentage of an individual’s earnings over a recent 52-week period” – so they are not uniform nor progressive.
The benefits run out after a “maximum of 26 weeks in most States” and Federal income taxes are levied.
Conversely, the Australian system is federal and provides a uniform payment to workers who are deemed eligible. It is not an insurance system nor does it base the payment on any past earnings.
The current unemployment benefit (ignoring the short-term pandemic supplement) is well below the adult poverty line and the gap has been getting worse in both real and nominal terms.
But most importantly, unemployment benefit recipients are subjected to harsh work tests, are case managed within the sociopathological privatised ‘unemployment industry that pockets millions of dollars from federal payments but does very little to help the unemployment reenter the paid work force.
This privatised system punishes unemployment workers by reporting them to government who then ‘breaches’ them – which means they lose their miserable unemployment benefit.
In that context, I would doubt whether any of my US-based MMT scholars (those names in the Tweet referred to above) would advocate the retention of such a system that the unemployed have to tolerate in Australia.
So trying to ‘divide-and-conquer’ by asserting views that might apply within one nation as being applicable to another nation, which has a completely different system of unemployment benefits is not very smart.
It is like talking about the US going broke because Greece can!
And then the question is why would any Australian progressive want to keep our pernicious unemployment benefits system when a guaranteed job was provided at a socially-inclusive minimum wage supplemented by social wage benefits (a service guarantee if you like) and workers had the right to choose the hours they worked in the Job Guarantee?
I will come back to the Job Guarantee pay and conditions argument presently.
But let’s tease this out a bit.
These so-called progressive champions of full employment might reasonably say they don’t support the pernicious nature of the current system.
Good.
So then what have we left?
Drum roll.
Effectively a UBI or some version of it.
So we are back to that – they would want a UBI to be run parallel with the Job Guarantee.
I noted a Tweet from someone claiming to be an MMT proponent saying exactly that.
Well none of my American MMT economics colleagues support the introduction of a UBI.
The fact is that once you go down the UBI route you are diluting the inflation anchor provided by the Job Guarantee – which is a central proposition within MMT, and, is one of the features, that sets it apart from mainstream macroeconomics.
And once you dilute the inflation anchor, then you are effectively back in a NAIRU world where unemployment is used as a policy tool to discipline any inflationary processes.
You cannot have it both ways as an MMTer.
If you support a UBI then you should not hold yourself out as a proponent of MMT.
Simple as that.
I recommend reading this blog post – The provenance of the Job Guarantee concept in MMT (April 20, 2020) – where I explain the foundations of the Job Guarantee with MMT and how Warren and I approached that issue when we set out on the MMT journey.
In that blog post, I discuss the debates about inflation control and the role of the Job Guarantee – as being much more than a meagre job creation program, a point not well understood by those who come late to our work in a time when inflation is of no consequence.
When I came up with my version of the Job Guarantee in 1978, the problem to be addressed was high unemployment and high inflation and a mainstream profession that was claiming the high unemployment was ‘natural’ and that the government could do nothing about it.

Workfare on steroids?

Some other person who is apparently trying to position their organisation as the champion of full employment claimed to be appalled by my work and asserted that:
The Pearson-Mitchell proposal which is basically WFTH on steroids, and exactly what many of us warned would happen to Mitchell’s JG.
Really.
And exactly what literature has this person read? A highly word-constrained Op Ed in The Australian that I wrote with Noel Pearson? More?
Where in the millions of words I have written over the last 42 years on unemployment, employment guarantees, work-for-the-dole (WFTD), and all the rest of the topics would she be justified in saying that I endorse a Workfare approach to unemployment support?
It would be impossible to find that sort of inference from my work.
In Australia, Work-for-the-dole has the following characteristics:
1. As stated by the government in Senate Estimates some years ago, it is a compliance program.
2. It pays below the hourly legal minimum wage – effectively forcing workers to engage in work but at below poverty line and legal wages.
3. It does not allow any choice over hours of work.
4. It does not allow a worker to engage in extended training nor does it provide training ladders.
5. It is finite in time period.
6. It requires the worker to participate in the pernicious work test and case management system described above.
7. It offers no additional benefits such as holiday and sick pay, superannuation, and other social wage benefits.
8. No allowance is made for workers with mental health problems etc.
9. The State takes no responsibility for the failure of the economy to generate enough jobs.
Compare that with the Job Guarantee that I have consistently advocated over my career, which could not be conceived of being a more elaborate form of Workfare.
I advocate:
1. A guaranteed job for anyone who wants to work and cannot currently find a job.
2. They would receive a socially-inclusive minimum wage.
3. They would receive holiday and sick pay entitlements, superannuation contributions from the employer, and other special leave entitlements that are common in the permanent workforce.
4. They would be entitled to undergo training (on-the-job or in outside environments, including going back to school, college or university).
5. They would receive social wage benefits – what some might call guaranteed levels of services – such as health care insurance, free child care, transport allowances, access to legal aid supplements, etc.
6. Family Income Supplements: The Job Guarantee is not based on family-units. The Job Guarantee wage (available to anyone over working age) would be supplemented with benefits reflecting family structure. In contrast to workfare there would no pressure on single parents to seek employment.
7. They could choose whatever hours they desired to work – effectively eliminating time-based underemployment.
8. IMPORTANTLY, a worker would be given a grace period on accessing the Job Guarantee. Their wage would start immediately but they could have 3-4 weeks before having to start work where they could sort out their affairs, ‘take a breather’, engage in job search if they wanted, etc. During this period they would be paid the standard wage rate.
9. The job would be permanent if they chose.
10. The job design can be flexible to help workers with special difficulties enjoy a productive working life (for example, the provision of clinical support within the workplace to help people burdened with episodic illnesses)
We have developed this concept based on extensive national surveys of Local Governments.
I have been involved in a major, long-term project with mental health professionals running pilots providing work for youth with psychosis and seeing how flexible workplaces can reduce the problems that such a cohort face.
I have worked in developed countries on major work projects and helped design a minimum wage framework for workers in South Africa.
And more.
What does a socially-inclusive minimum wage mean?
I have regularly written analytical reports for trade unions who are defending industrial matters on behalf of the members in the Fair Work Commission in Australia. That often requires me to appear as an expert witness in the relevant matter.
My view has always been the same as it was when I was helping in the South African situation.
I do not consider minimum wages should be set on private sector capacity to pay principles. The employers should adjust not the workers.
The minimum wage as a statement of how sophisticated you consider your nation to be or aspire to be. Minimum wages define the lowest material standard of wage income that you want to tolerate.
Accordingly, it should be a wage that allows a person (and family) to participate in society in a meaningful way and not suffer social exclusion or alienation through lack of income.
That means being able to go out for dinner sometimes, go to sporting or other major events, have a holiday somewhere.
A socially-inclusive minimum wage should be a statement of national aspiration.
In any country it should be the lowest wage that society considers acceptable for business to operate at. Capacity to pay considerations then have to be conditioned by these social objectives.
If small businesses or any businesses for that matter consider they do not have the ‘capacity to pay’ that wage, then a sophisticated society will say that these businesses are not suitable to operate in their economy.
Such firms would have to restructure by investment to raise their productivity levels sufficient to have the capacity to pay or disappear.
This approach establishes a dynamic efficiency whereby the economy is continually pushing productivity growth forward and allowing material standards of living to rise.
I consider that no worker should be paid below what is considered the lowest tolerable material standard of living just because some low wage-low productivity operator wants to produce in a country and make ‘cheap’ profits.
I don’t consider that the private ‘market’ is an arbiter of the values that a society should aspire to or maintain. That is where I differ significantly from my profession.
The employers always want the wages system to be totally deregulated so that the ‘market can work’ without fetters. This will apparently tell us what workers are ‘worth’.
The problem is that the so-called ‘market” in its pure conceptual form is an amoral, ahistorical construct and cannot project the societal values that bind communities and peoples to higher order considerations.
The minimum wage is a values-based concept and should not be determined by a market.
Anyway, those principles govern the way I have operated as a professional over many years.
I have not seen too much analysis coming over the years on these topics from those so-called progressives who are now slinging the mud about what Noel Pearson and I are trying to achieve by way of improving the lives of unemployed workers.

Coercion

My position has always been the same.
A progressive society is one based on collective aspiration.
Neoliberalism is based on the promotion of individual aspiration even if it is at the expense of the collective.
That is why we are in the mess we are in now (health issues aside but connected).
I think the state has a duty to use its fiscal capacity to ensure there are jobs for all those who desire them.
In general, if there is something that is useful for the public sector to provide then I would create those jobs in the public sector in the standard way.
But there is also flux and uncertainty in private spending patterns and that requires a buffer stock either of jobs or unemployment.
Clearly, the costs of using unemployment to meet the flux and uncertainty of the private capitalist spending patterns are massive and extend well beyond the income (GDP) losses.
Using an employment buffer stock approach as an automatic stabiliser has to be superior to that approach.
So what are the responsibilities of people within that society?
I consider that persons who are able to work should to be required to take a Job Guarantee position to gain the income support if they are unable to find a job elsewhere.
They don’t have to take the Job Guarantee job. It is not a work camp approach.
But to receive the state socially-inclusive minimum wage under the conditions specified above they should be prepared to contribute back to society.
That is the progressive collective approach.
I argue that this possession of a job is a crucial source of self-determination for the typical worker in a capitalist system and the core of regional community development.
Please be clear – persons unable to work would be provided with a ‘living income’. This includes the aged, the sick, the disabled, the young.
They would have generous material support.
Tweets that claim that I support the abolition of all welfare are just plain straight out lies.
I don’t consider a healthy society is one that does not take responsibility to encourage young people to develop skills and engage in paid work, rather than be passive recipients of social security benefits.
There is strong evidence linking long-term unemployment and social exclusion, where the latter is manifested in economic deprivation, the absence of institutional support, and social, cultural and spatial isolation.
This is Noel Pearson’s concept of ‘passive welfare’.
If you are interested in this concept and how it relates to the Job Guarantee, please see – Conversation with William Mitchell and Noel Pearson, Newcastle, December 15, 2019.
The failure to engage in paid work, for whatever reason, cannot be narrowly construed to be merely an inability to generate disposable income which can be compensated for through a benefit, but entails a much broader form of exclusion from economic, social and cultural life.
Accordingly, the State would be evading its social responsibilities by providing an UBI or other form of benefit.

Conclusion

I think language loses all meaning if you think my work is ‘right-wing’ in nature or leaning, or that the Job Guarantee we propose is just nasty workfare or worse.
There will be more from Noel Pearson and myself in the near future as we launch a series of Live Streaming sessions promoting our work together.
But I hope that this blog post has clarified things for those who cannot be bothered researching our work in detail.
That is enough for today!
(c) Copyright 2020 William Mitchell. All Rights Reserved. 

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