you got everyone hyped up on jenga
good morning everyone
it is uh very nice to be with you this
morning i uh have known
morris and erica for a little while and
in a sense i feel like i'm being
delivered to you as a sort of red meat
here this morning and that's okay
um morris and erica actually chose the
title of the talk which means that they
know exactly what they're getting in
what they're in for
in bringing me in for this so i'm just
gonna jump in i have eight minutes i
come with uh an unconventional message
especially in an environment like this.
and i only have eight minutes to try to
if not persuade you at least wet your
appetite enough so that
you might begin to think about these
things a little bit through the rest of
the day and maybe if we're lucky beyond
that so
i'm going to say that i think what we do
is we think about taxes the way we used
to think about the sun
that is that it is uh
we think taxes are the thing around
which everything else
evolves revolves right
the earth goes around the sun we finally
figured that out okay but we pretend
that taxes are at the center of
everything and that the functioning of
the economy is in a sense dependent upon
how successful we are
in delivering
sufficient tax revenue.
so i'm going to
challenge that idea how many of you know
the work of george lakoff.
george lakoff says don't think of an
don't think of an elephant okay well for
the next seven and a half minutes i'm
going to implore you don't think of a
revenue.
let's talk about taxes without thinking
about revenues.
okay that's what i'm
going to ask you to do so in next year's
version of this how to think like a
patriotic millionaire.
it will say don't
think of a revenue don't think of
revenue because this is how we currently
think.
we have locked these ideas
together we think of spending and taxing
as two sides of the same coin if we want
to fund a new program the question is
how are you going to pay for it where
will you get the money you have to find
the money.
and so
automatically we reach for these things
called revenue raisers right we look for
a new tax we have to raise money in
order to do this other thing we have
made these dependent.
and what that means
is that we are holding hostage
whatever the new program is until we can
get the revenue to pay for it so if we
can't succeed
in raising some new tax.
then we can't
have the program because we can't pay
for it.
okay i think that's a problem i
think that's a problem so we are
convinced that we need the rich.
you people are nice you're lovely i
admire what you're doing
but the truth is we don't need you.
we don't need you
and erica said at the federal level okay
we need you at the state level we need
you at the local level but at the
federal level
the truth is
we don't need your money to care for our
people to care for our communities and
to care for our planet.
okay but we think
we do and so here's a problem we believe
the government has no money of its own
that's what margaret thatcher told us.
the government has no money of its own
there is only taxpayer money she told us
okay the only way government can fund
programs is if it can find the money.
where's all the money the rich people
have it.
so naturally to fund new programs you
have to go where the money is and that
means
tax the rich.
without them
we can't afford
to feed a hungry kid
fix crumbling infrastructure.
care for our planet
meet the imminent threat of climate
change none of these things can be
accomplished unless and
until we get your money.
all right
so of those five points i give them two
out of five stars
two of those things are correct i agree.
which two
the rich people have all the money and
we need to tax the rich
those two propositions i think are
correct.
okay
but
my position is that we need to break
this link we need to break it mentally
and we need to break it in terms of the
federal budgeting process we need to
break it in practice
this link is a problem the belief that
we can't do one unless and until we do
the other.
okay it's just wrong does that
mean that we don't need to tax taxes are
unimportant no taxes are super important
and absolutely we must tax.
here's a piece i only have maybe four or five minutes left so i'm going to give a reading assignment if i at least pique your curiosity and you're willing to think through these ideas further go read this article published in 1946 by a guy named beardsley rummel which obviously is sophisticated and smart sounding so you should read his work because beardsley rumble told us in 1946 that taxes for revenue are obsolete.
who the heck was beardsley rumble president of the new york fed head of the federal reserve bank of new york guys should know something about money right and why does he tell us in 1946 that taxes for revenue are obsolete two reasons the us is off the gold standard.
and we have a central bank that will clear any payment that is authorized by congress beardsley rumble says so in this piece.
so then he goes on to say why we do tax why we need to tax if not for revenue don't think of it as funding government he says so what are taxes all about they do important things i'm going to highlight the three most important things he says in this piece.
first they're a release valve so as the government spends money into the economy taxes remove some of what is spent in order to allow the government to spend on infrastructure and education and health care without creating an inflation problem.
so taxes remove some of what is spent into the economy hugely important.
taxes allow the government to create incentives or disincentives hugely important right you can alter behaviors through the tax code and perhaps most important at least as important maybe as inflation distribution altering the distribution of wealth and income.
so rummel tells us when we think about attacks think about is it designed to fight inflation is it designed to create a new incentive or disincentivize some behavior or is it designed to alter the distribution of wealth and income so that you're mindful of the reason that you're taxing and what the tax you're choosing is being chosen for right why you're choosing that particular tax so think of the green new deal lots of conversation about a green new deal today talking about spending potentially trillions of dollars into the economy over the next decade or so to deal with climate change and maybe even including a job guarantee in health care and other programs big money if we were to move forward with a green new deal without raising taxes sufficiently what could happen?
you get a inflation problem trying to
spend too much into an economy that
can't absorb all that new spending you
need to use your release valve so taxes
can be important you turn on the dollar
spout spend into the economy but you got
to let some fall away through taxes to
avoid creating inflation.
incentivizing
behaviors this is obvious i'm going to
very quickly right you can imagine we
heard discussion about financial
transactions tax could talk about a
carbon tax other taxes perfectly
legitimate reason to put up a new tax
and here's the big one for this group
today when he said
taxes taxes taxes what was on the
backdrop behind him.
the word
inequality the word inequality so he's
talking about using the tax system to
aggressively address
one of the most critical challenges
facing not just the us but the world
today.
the widening gap between the
people at the very top and everybody
else.
and taxes and the tax code can be
an important way to redress
those disparities and you can see that
we use the tax code to do that and
everybody in this room knows it but in
spite of what we do we are still the
most unequal
in the rich world right so we could do
more of that and we could do it in line
with the way rummel taught us to think
bottom line my perspective we don't need
the federal government doesn't need your
money to fund itself to operate.
but
there are good reasons to take it anyway
the reasons that were laid out by
beardsley rummel.
we don't want to live
in this kind of world
we don't want an oligarchy we don't want
a world where a smaller and smaller
number of people have a larger and
larger concentration of the wealth and
income it screws up the functioning of
our economy and it screws up the
functioning of our democracy.
and so
those are reasons enough to think about
the important ways to close loopholes a
wealth tax
increase in the top marginal rate uh the
estate tax the kinds of things that
we've been talking about this morning
but if you're choosing a tax with the
aim of treating the billionaire class as
your pay for
there is a pretty good likelihood that
you're going to under tax them because
what you're doing is trying to peel off
just enough of what they have to fund
free college or to put a down payment on
a green new deal or to fix some
crumbling infrastructure or feed a few
hungry kids.
if they are your pay for
you're not really taxing with purpose
you're using them
in order to fund other programs and so
i uh i know that's going to be
unsettling go back have a look at
beardsley rumble and thank you very much
for listening.
心は、そもそも身体的に形成されたものである。 思考は、そのほとんどが無意識的なものである。 抽象概念は、概してメタファーにより構成されている。 The mind is inherently embodied. Thought is mostly unconcsious. Abstract concepts are largely metaphorical. (p. 3)
ジョージ・レイコフといえば、Langackerと並んで、認知言語学の先駆的学者の一人であるが、氏は、認知科学の第1回目の授業である実験を行うそうである。まずは、皆さんにも、同じ実験を体験してもらうことから始めたい。では、今からは、何をしてもいいので、象のことは考えないでください!さて、できましたか?おそらく、象のことを考えないということができた人はいないでしょう。皆さん、象のイメージを浮かべたり、象と関連ある知識、アフリカ、インド、動物園、キリン、など、人によって立ち上がった知識はさまざまだと思いますが、いろいろなことをイメージしたりしたのではないかと思います。レイコフによれば、象のことを考えないことができた人は、誰もいないということです。 この実験からもわかるように、すべての語はイメージを立ち上げます。ある語を聞いて立ち上がるイメージのことをフレームと呼びますが、鈴木孝夫氏が指摘するように、語の意味が知識と体験の総体である故、一人一人異なるという点も考えれば、ある語を発して、相手の頭の中に立ちあがるフレームが必ずしも、自分が期待するものではないことは予想がつくのではないかと思います。では、もう一つ、具体例を考えてみましょう。筆者は、以前、長野へ行ったとき、名物のお焼きを売っているお店に「当店人気No1」という表示が、野沢菜のお焼きのところに書いてあったのを見たことがあります。皆さんが、お焼きをお土産に買おうとしているとして、この表示を見たら何を考えますか?お焼きには、なす、かぼちゃ、野沢菜、あんこ、などいろいろな種類が販売されているのですが、野沢菜のお焼きに、「当店人気No1」の表示が付いています。おそらく、これが一番売れているから美味しいんだ、店の一押しなんだ、などのイメージを思い浮かべるのではないでしょうか?しかし、待ってください。長野が観光地であり、お焼きを買うお客さんが一見客が多いということを考えれば、長野=野沢菜というフレームが立ち上がることとも相まって、野沢菜お焼きの売れいきが一番だということであり、必ずしも、野沢菜お焼きが店の一押しであるか、一番おいしいかどうかはわからないのですが、「当店人気No1」という表示は、期待以上のフレームを立ち上げてしまうことは事実なんです。これが、コミュニケーションにおいては、伝えたいこと以上のことが伝わってしまうゆえんだということですね。George Yule氏は、Pragmatics(語用論)とは何かという説明の1つとして、Pragmatics is the study of how more gets communicated than is said.(言葉で言われる以上のことがどうして伝わってしまうかに関する研究)ということを挙げていますが、その一つの答えとして次のように答えられるかと思います。すべての言葉がフレーム知識を立ち上げ、そのフレーム知識は、話し手の期待するものでは必ずしもない。なぜならば、言葉の意味は、知識と体験の総体故、一人一人異なるからだということですね。
「税は財源ではない」関連参考
返信削除以下レイ金ぴか本5.2より孫引き、ラムルの言葉
《National states no longer need taxes to get the wherewithal to meet their expenses” (1946b, pp. 267–8). 》
《国民国家は、自らの出費を賄うのに必要な資金を得るために、もはや租税を必要としない。》
(邦訳kindle:No.4041)
(Ruml, Beardsley. 1946b. “Tax Policies for Prosperity,” American Economic Review, Vol. 36, No. 2: 265‐274. )
https://www.jstor.org/stable/1818210?socuuid=ccac5a87-cae3-48a0-8740-106b7535b63f&socplat=email&utm_source=email# 要登録
金ぴか本帯に改変して使われた。
(島倉原氏『MMT〈現代貨幣理論〉とは何か』(2019)の第三章及び「おわりに」で「税金は財源ではなく、
国債は資金調達手段ではない」という言葉が使われている。)
金ぴか本の帯裏(画像↓)
https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-m5hgKKG7o0U/YXZICG9vBsI/AAAAAAACpVE/dKaSYoZ53DYF707CdQBQEQWWc9lYPSZpACLcBGAsYHQ/s407/48A754DA-C5C4-48FB-80CA-48295D35ED91.jpeg
ちなみに、
ケルトンは政府予算についての循環型フローのイメージは危険だと言う。
https://video.twimg.com/ext_tw_video/1133002891201933313/pu/vid/1280x720/WhePUmi_ZpvaVkpH.mp4