ペティと『紙幣の性質と必要』1729 ベンジャミン・フランクリン （Benjamin Franklin, 1706~1790）
『紙幣の性質と必要』1729 ベンジャミン・フランクリン （Benjamin Franklin, 1706~1790）
https://love-and-theft-2014.blogspot.com/2021/10/1729-benjamin-franklin-17061790.html
ベンジャミン・フランクリン （Benjamin Franklin, 1706~1790）
Trade in general being nothing else but the exchange of labour for labour, the value of all things is, as I have said before, most justly measured by labour
https://founders.archives.gov/documents/Franklin/01-01-02-0041
The Nature and Necessity of a Paper-Currency, 3 April 1729
By Labour may the Value of Silver be measured as well as other Things. As, Suppose one Man employed to raise Corn, while another is digging and refining Silver; at the Year's End, or at any other Period of Time, the compleat Produce of Corn, and that of Silver, are the natural Price of each other; and if one be twenty Bushels, and the other twenty Ounces, then an Ounce of that Silver is worth the Labour of raising a Bushel of that Corn. Now if by the Discovery of some nearer, more easy or plentiful Mines, a Man may get Forty Ounces of Silver as easily as formerly he did Twenty, and the same Labour is still required to raise Twenty Bushels of Corn, then Two Ounces of Silver will be worth no more than the same Labour of raising One Bushel of Corn, and that Bushel of Corn will be as cheap at two Ounces, as it was before at one; cæteris paribus. (8)
8. This paragraph combines in paraphrase two passages in Sir William Petty, A Treatise of Taxes and Contributions (1662.), chap. IV, secs. 13–14, and chap. v, sec. 10, second paragraph.
上はマルクス『経済学批判』で引用された箇所。
ペティを手本にしている。
九州大学経済学会
経済学研究
第44巻第2・3号
1978年8月
翻訳
フランクリン「愚考 紙幣の本質と必要」
福留久大訳
銀の価値も他の物と同様に労働によって測定されるだろう。ひとりは穀物の生産に従事しており, 他の者は銀を採掘し精練するものと仮定する。 そして,その年の終りにおいて, あるいはある一定の期間において穀物の全生産物 (compleat Produce of Corn) と銀の全生産物とは,それぞれ互に相手の自然価格 (natural Price)となる。もし一方が20ブッシェル で,他方が20オンスであるならば, そのとき1オンスの銀は,1ブッシェルの穀物を生産する労働に値することになる (worth the Labour of raising a Bushel of that Corn)。いまもし, あるより近距離 の,より採掘しやすい, ないしはより豊饒な鉱山が発見されて,ある人が以前20オンスの銀を得ていたの と同じ容易さで以て40オンスを入手しうることにな り,他方20 ブッシェルの穀物を生産するには以前と 同じだけの労働が依然として必要とされるとするならば,このばあい,2オンスの銀は1ブッシェルの穀物 を生産するのと同じ労働以上には値しないだろう。そして他の事情に変化がない限り,1ブッシェルの穀物 は,以前は1オンスの銀に値していたのが,いまや2 オンスの銀に値することになるであろう。
ペティ租税貢献論1665
A treatise of taxes and contributions #4
13. Suppose a man could with his own hands plant a cer∣tain scope of Land with Corn, that is, could Digg, or Plough, Harrow, Weed, Reap, Carry home, Thresh, and Winnow so much as the Husbandry of this Land requires; and had withal Seed wherewith to sowe the same. I say, that when this man hath subducted his seed out of the proceed of his Harvest, and also, what himself hath both eaten and given to others in exchange for Clothes, and other Natural necessaries; that the remainder of Corn, is the natural and true Rent of the Land for that year; and the medium of seven years, or rather of so many years as makes up the Cycle, within which
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Dearths and Plenties make their revolution, doth give the ordinary Rent of the Land in Corn.
14. But a further, though collaterall question may be, how much English money this Corn or Rent is worth? I answer, so much as the money, which another single man can save, within the same time, over and above his expence, if he im∣ployed himself wholly to produce and make it; viz. Let ano∣ther man go travel into a Countrey where is Silver, there Dig it, Refine it, bring it to the same place where the other man planted his Corn; Coyne it, &c. the same person, all the while of his working for Silver, gathering also food for his ne∣cessary livelihood, and procuring himself covering, &c. I say, the Silver of the one, must be esteemed of equal value with the Corn of the other: the one being perhaps twenty Ounces, and the other twenty Bushels. From whence it follows, that the price of a Bushel of this Corn to be an Ounce of Silver.
15. And forasmuch as possibly there may be more Art and Hazzard in working about the Silver, then about the Corn, yet all comes to the same pass; for let a hundred men work ten years upon Corn, and the same number of men, the same time, upon Silver; I say, that the neat proceed of the Silver is the price of the whole neat proceed of the Corn, and like parts of the one, the price of like parts of the other. Al∣though not so many of those who wrought in Silver, learned the Art of refining and coining, or out-lived the dangers and diseases of working in the Mines. And this also is the way of pitching the true proportion, between the values of Gold and Silver, which many times is set but by popular errour, sometimes more, sometimes less, diffused in the world; which errour (by the way) is the cause of our having been pestred with too much Gold heretofore, and wanting it now.
16. This, I say, to be the foundation of equallizing and ballancing of values; yet in the superstructures and practices hereupon, I confess there is much variety, and intricacy; of which hereafter.
17. The world measures things by Gold and Silver, but principally the latter; for there may not be two measures,
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and consequently the better of many must be the onely of all; that is, by fine silver of a certain weight: but now if it be hard to measure the weight and fineness of silver, as by the different reports of the ablest Saymasters I have known it to be; and if silver granted to be of the same fineness and weight, rise and fall in its price, and be more worth at one place then another, not onely for being farther from the Mines, but for other accidents, and may be more worth at present, then a moneth or other small time hence; and if it differ in its proportion unto the several things valued by it, in several ages upon the increase and diminution thereof, we shall endeavour to examine some other natural Standards and Measures, without derogating from the excellent use of these.
18. Our Silver and Gold we call by severall names, as in England by pounds, shillings, and pence, all which may be called and understood by either of the three. But that which I would say upon this matter is, that all things ought to be va∣lued by two natural Denominations, which is Land and La∣bour; that is, we ought to say, a Ship or garment is worth such a measure of Land, with such another measure of Labour; forasmuch as both Ships and Garments were the creatures of Lands and mens Labours thereupon: This being true, we should be glad to finde out a natural Par between Land and Labour, so as we might express the value by either of them alone as well or better then by both, and reduce one into the other as easily and certainly as we reduce pence into pounds. Wherefore we would be glad to finde the natural values of the Fee simple of Land, though but no better then we have done that of the usus fructusabovementioned, which we attempt as followeth.
19. Having found the Rent or value of the usus fructus per annum, the question is, how many years purchase (as we usual∣ly say) is the Fee simple naturally worth? If we say an infi∣nite number, then an Acre of Land would be equal in value to a thousand Acres of the same Land; which is absurd, an infi∣nity of unites being equal to an infinity of thousands. Where∣fore we must pitch upon some limited number, and that I ap∣prehend
https://quod.lib.umich.edu/e/eebo/A54625.0001.001/1:7?rgn=div1;view=fulltext
CHAP. IV. Of the several wayes of Taxe, and first, of set
∣
ting a part, a proportion of the whole Ter
∣
ritory for Publick uses, in the nature of Crown Lands; and secondly, by way of As
∣
sessement, or Land-taxe.
A treatise of taxes and contributions #10
10. Here we are to remember in consequence of our opi∣nion, [That Labour is the Father and active principle of Wealth, as Lands are the Mother] that the State by killing, mutilating, or imprisoning their members, do withall punish themselves; wherefore such punishments ought (as much as possible) to be avoided and commuted for pecuniary mulcts, which will encrease labour and publick wealth.
https://quod.lib.umich.edu/e/eebo/A54625.0001.001/1:13?rgn=div1;view=fulltext
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