274 AMERICAN ECONOMIC ASSOCIATIONのスーパーバジェットを作成し、一方に関連する問題を他方に関連する問題から分離します。これで、基本的な税制を次のように正確に言い換えることができます。税率は、高雇用と高雇用の所得スーパーバジェットのバランスをとるように設定する必要があります。繰り返しになりますが、これらの発言における財政政策へのこだわりが、これらの政策の問題を過大評価することを引き起こしてはなりません。財政的および金銭的措置は、主に、行動を実行または防止するのに役立つメカニズムを促進するものであり、そのメリットは他の参照条件で判断する必要があります。連邦歳入の源泉、連邦歳出の目的、スーパーバジェット自体の規模に関する決定-これらには、財政政策を超越した公共政策の問題が含まれます。しかし、私たちは、欠陥のある財政政策と慣行が、国家としての私たち自身が設定した目的を達成する上でもはや妨げにならないことを確信する必要があります-そしてここでは財政政策が重要です-。将来への大きな期待は、これらのドルと所得のスーパーバジェットの検討にあるように思われます。なぜなら、これらは、前向きな財政プログラムが財政の慎重さの枠組みの中でどのように望ましい経済効果を生み出すことができるかについての手がかりを提供するからです。たとえば、財政プログラムは明確な財政政策から生じるべきであり、そのさまざまな部分が内部的に一貫していることは明らかです。プログラムに関する決定は、一部は事実に、一部は判断に基づく必要があることは明らかです。プログラムの運営には、チームとして協力する複数の機関の行動が必要になることは明らかです。ここ、平時の雇用と生産の問題を解決するために政府と企業の関係が最も重要である財政および金融政策の時点では、ビジネスは適切に懸念される可能性があります。政府の意図が敵対的または無関心でさえあるのではなく、準備的な組織的作業が今行われない限り、連邦政府は最も基本的な共同プログラムでさえ実行するのに無力になるのではないかと心配するかもしれません。ビジネスは、優れた製品、優れた仕事、優れた投資を生み出すのに役立つ連邦財政政策を望んでいます。ビジネスは、国の財政政策がそのためにビジネスの仕事をすることを期待していません。それは、農業、労働、とビジネスは生産し、配布することができます。このような購買需要の流れにより、レジメンを回避し、高い雇用水準を維持し、すべての人々の生活水準を新たな高みに引き上げることができます。
TAX POLICIES FOR PROSPERITY
By BEARDSLEY RUML
R. H. Macy and Company
Our first goal today-the organization of a just and durable world peace-requires that world economic relationships be established on a humane and orderly basis. For the success of all these international plans a high level of employment and production in the United States is everywhere conceded to be indispensable. With high prosperity, we shall require large imports of raw m'aterials, and we will find ways to obtain for ourselves the economic advantages of lower tariffs on foods and man- ufactured goods. With high prosperity, we shall be less greedy for foreign outlets to take up excess capacity and we shall be more willing to see our exports directed to the world's essential needs. With high prosperity, we shall more easily reduce restrictive practices and discriminatory prejudices that spring from fear and result in contempt and hate. The first requirements for prosperity are those basic things on which all production depends; namely, raw materials, cheap and widely avail- able power, a reliable system of transportation, a sound currency, and an abundance and variety in human skills-scientific, mechanical, artistic, and managerial. The United States is well provided with these basic requirements for prosperity. We are not so completely provided with these elements that we can isolate ourselves from the rest of the world without economic and cultural loss, but we have enough so that by trade with others we can have access to what we need and want. The second requirement for prosperity is the organization of these basic elements into a working pattern of production and distribution. Today we see clearly that, even though all else can be organized, it is to no avail unless there is a harmonious and acceptable foundation in satisfactory labor relations. The conflicts that are now appearing are not as simple as they are sometimes described; namely, as a controversy between two adversaries, capital and labor. Today there are four parties directly at interest in the conflict-owners, managers, labor leaders, and workers-with millions of unorganized workers and small businessmen on the sidelines but by no means outside the danger zone of minor injury or disaster. The basic objective in the field of labor relations is not unlike the basic objective in the field of international relations; that is, to eliminate the use of force in the settlement of disputes and to establish in its place a system of law and justice based on consent. We cannot expect to eliminate controversy and disputes, but we can reduce the number of them and see to it that settlements are arrived at in terms of recognized principles, justly applied and adequately enforced. Throughout the present period of tension let us keep in mind that
what we want fundamentally is to eliminate the use of force in the settle-
ment of disputes between men in all areas, at home and abroad. Ac-
cordingly, we wish to bring into the area of labor relations, for the settle-
ment of disputes when they arise, a system of recognized law and im-
partial justice administered in an atmosphere of consent. Only in this
way can we attain the high level of productive prosperity under democ-
cracy which we have set as our goal.
The third requirement for prosperity is the maintenance of an
adequate, effective demand for the goods and services which we are able
to produce. Even though we have all the basic elements for production
and have them organized so that abundant output can be realized,
nevertheless without an effective demand that will move these products
into consumption, the channels of distribution will become clogged, the
means of production will be made idle, mass unemployment will appear,
and prosperity will fade away.
Today we are experiencing an unprecedented demand for the products
of business and agriculture. This demand is the result of many years of
shortages and of enormous purchasing power in the hands of the people.
The demand in fact is so great that many restraints are necessary to
keep it from expressing itself in an inflationary price rise. In a period
such as the present, when effective demand is so great that arbitrary
regulations and controls are still needed to prevent inflation, it is easy
to forget that all through the thirties, and perhaps in the twenties, too
effective demand was not sufficient to move the products which business
and agriculture could produce. Nor have those corrections of past
policies and practices been made which would give us confidence that
such periods will not come again. It is for this reason that there is need
to consider national fiscal policy as a principal means of helping us to
maintain a condition of high prosperity.
The importance of national fiscal policy in attaining and maintaining
high prosperity is so great that there are some who overemphasize what
fiscal policy can do, and who give the impression that a sound fiscal
policy by itself would be a panacea for all our economic ills. This, of
course, is far from the case. Measures of fiscal policy can clear the way
and can facilitate; they cannot produce goods and services; they cannot
give employment. They can create a situation in which high employ-
ment becomes possible as business, labor, and agriculture find the way.
But all the favorable conditions with respect to basic elements and to
the organization of men and materials for work will be unavailing if
effective demand is insufficient to keep the wheels turning.
We must recognize that the objective of national fiscal policy is above
all to maintain a sound currency and efficient financial institutions; but
consistent with this basic purpose, fiscal policy should and can con-
POSTWAR TAX POLICY 267 tribute a great deal toward obtaining a high level of productive employ- ment and prosperity. If a constructive over-all fiscal policy is to be legislated and administer- ed, corrective measures must be adopted by the government in both the legislative and executive branches. At this time, even if a fiscal and monetary policy to complement and supplement the activities of private business were generally agreed upon, there is no possibility under the present organization of the federal government of its being made opera- tive or effective. Since taxation is one of the most important parts of fiscal policy, let us discuss basic policy for federal taxation. During the war we have learned many things about taxation in its relation to fiscal policy. If we look at the financial history of recent years it is apparent that nations have been able to pay their bills even though their tax revenues fell short of expenses. Those countries whose expenses were greater than their receipts from taxes paid their bills by borrowing the necessary money. The borrowing of money, therefore, is an alterna- tive which governments use to supplement the revenues from taxation in order to obtain the necessary means for the payment of their bills. A government which depends on loans and on the refunding of its loans to get the money it requires for its operations is necessarily de- pendent on the sources from which the money can be obtained. In the past, if a government persisted in borrowing heavily to cover its ex- penditures, interest rates would get higher and higher, and greater and greater inducements would have to be offered by the government to the lenders. These governments finally found that the only way they could maintain both their independence and their solvency was to tax heavily enough to meet a substantial part of their financial needs, and to be prepared-if placed under undue pressure-to tax to meet them all. The necessity for a government to tax in order to maintain both its independence and its solvency is true for state and local governments, but it is no longer true for a national government. Two changes of the greatest consequence have occurred in the last twenty-five years which have substantially altered the position of the national state with respect to the financing of its current requirements. The first of these changes is the gaining of vast new experience in the management of central banks. The second change is the elimination, for domestic purposes, of the con- vertibility of the currency into gold. Final freedom from the domestic money market exists for every national state where there exists an institution which functions in the manner of a modern central bank, and whose currency is not convertible into gold or into some other commodity. The United States is a national state which has a central banking system, the Federal Reserve System, and whose currency for domestic purposes is not convertible into gold or into any other commodity. It follows that our federal government has final freedom from the money market in meeting its financial requirements. Accordingly, the social and economic consequences of any and all taxes have now become the prime consideration in the imposition of taxes. National states no longer need taxes to get the wherewithal to meet their expenses. Therefore, since all taxes have consequences of a social and economic character, the government should look to these consequences in formulating its tax policy. All federal taxes must meet the test of public policy and practical effect. The public purpose which is served should never be obscured in a tax program under the mask of raising revenue. Federal taxes can be made to serve four principal purposes of a social and economic character. These purposes are: (1) as an instrument of fiscal policy to help stabilize the purchasing power of the dollar; (2) to express public policy in the distribution of wealth and of income as in the case of the progressive income and estate taxes; (3) to express public policy in subsidizing or in penalizing various industries and economic groups; and (4) to isolate and assess directly the costs of certain national benefits, such as highways and social security. In the recent past, we have used our federal tax program consciously for each of these purposes. In serving these purposes, the tax program is a means to an end. The purposes themselves are matters of basic national policy which should be established, in the first instance, in- dependently of any national tax program. By all odds, the most important single purpose to be served by the imposition of federal taxes is the maintenance of a dollar which has stable purchasing power over the years. Sometimes this purpose is stated as "the avoidance of inflation" and without the use of federal taxation all other means of stabilization, such as monetary policy and price controls and subsidies, are unavailing. All other means, in any case, must be integrated with federal tax policy if we are to have tomorrow a dollar which has a value near to what it has today. The war has taught the government, and the government has taught the people, that federal taxation has much to do with inflation and deflation, with the prices which have to be paid for the things that are bought and sold. If federal taxes are insufficient or of the wrong kind, the purchasing power in the hands of the public is likely to be greater than the output of goods and services with which this purchasing de- mand can be satisfied. If the demand becomes too great, the result will be a rise in prices, and there will be no proportionate increase in the quantity of things for sale. This will mean that the dollar is worth less than it was before. That is inflation. On the other hand, if federal taxes
POSTWAR TAX POLICY 269 are too heavy or are of the wrong kind, effective purchasing power in the hands of the public will be insufficient to take from the producers of goods and services all the things these producers would like to make. This will mean widespread unemployment. Briefly the idea behind our tax policy should be this: that our taxes should be high enough to protect the stability of our currency, and no higher. Putting it another way, our taxes should be as low as they pos- sibly can be without putting the value of our money in danger of in- flation. The lower our taxes are, the more purchasing power will be left at home in the hands of the people-money that can be spent by them for the things they want to buy, or that can be saved and invested in whatever manner they choose. Now it follows from this principle that our tax rates can and should be lowered to the point where the federal budget will be balanced at what we would consider a satisfactory level of high employment. If we set our tax rates any higher than this, we are reducing unnecessarily the money that private individuals will have to spend and to invest; and, therefore, we make it more difficult for ourselves to get to high employ- ment and to stay there. There is wide agreement that a satisfactory high level of postwar employment in the United States means a national income at present price levels of at least 140 billion dollars, and so we should set our tax rates to balance the budget at a national income of 140 billion, and not at 120 billion or some lesser figure. We do not want our tax system to work against us all the way up to high employment. In fact, we may never reach high employment if we set our tax rates too high. Obviously, taxes should be reduced where reduction will do the most good in creating consumer demand and in encouraging private invest- ment. The first taxes that should be eliminated are taxes on consumption-- except when these are imposed for regulatory purposes. If it is true that our prime objective is to increase the standard of living of the masses of the people, what better way can be devised than leaving with the people the income which is already in their hands? What method of getting purchasing power back to the people is politically as acceptable as leaving it with them in the first place? Next, and to some this seems a curious conclusion, the corporation income tax should be abolished. At the same time, measures must be adopted so that the corporate form of doing business will not be used as a device to avoid payment of individual income taxes or as a means of building up unneeded and unused corporate surpluses, or to secure tax advantages over unincorporated businesses. As a matter of fact, after sales taxes and excises, the corporation income
tax weighs most heavily on the standard of living of the people; and at the same time it obstructs the flow of savings to investment. It is impossible to know exactly who pays how much of the tax on corporation profits. The stockholder pays some of it, to the extent that the return on his investment is less than it would be if there were no tax. But it is equally certain that the stockholder does not pay all of the tax on corporate income. Indeed, he may pay very little of it. After a period of time, the corporation income tax is figured as one of the costs of production and it gets passed on in higher prices charged for the com- pany's goods and services, and in lower wages, including conditions of work which are inferior to what they otherwise might be. The reasons why the corporation tax is passed on must be clearly understood. In the operations of a company, the management of the business, directed by the profit motive, keeps its eye on what is left over a profit on its invested capital. Since the corporation must pay its federal income taxes before there are any net profits, taxes are thought of-the same as any other uncontrollable expense-as an outlay to be covered by higher prices or lower costs. Since all competition in the same line of business is thinking the same way, prices and cost will tend to stabilize at a point which will produce a profit, after taxes, sufficient to give the industry access to new capital at a reasonable price. When this finally happens, as it must if the industry is to hold its own, the federal income tax on corporations will have been largely absorbed in higher prices and in lower wages. The effect of the corporation income tax is, therefore, to raise prices and to lower wages by an undeterminable amount. Both tendencies are in the wrong direction and are harrm-ful to the public welfare. Can the government afford to give up the corporation income tax? This really is not the question. The question is this: Is the corporation income tax a favorable way of assessing taxes on the people-on the consumer, the workers, and investors-who after all are the only real taxpayers? It is clear from any point of view that the effects of the corporation income tax are bad effects. The public purposes to be served by taxation are not thereby well served. The tax is uncertain in its effect with respect to the stabilization of the dollar, and it is inequitable as part of a progressive levy on individual income. It tends to raise the prices of goods and services. It tends to keep wages lower than they otherwise might be. It reduces the yield on investment and obstructs the flow of savings into business enterprise. The elimination of the corporation income tax from the tax system will increase the effective- ness of our fiscal and monetary policies and, by broadening markets for goods and services, will strengthen business for its task of producing goods, providing employment, and giving the people a place where their savings can be invested.
POSTWAR TAX POLICY 271 Once the tax machine is remodeled in the postwar period, every effort should be made to keep the tax system simple and understandable. Constant tinkering with the tax structure only serves to produce con- fusion, uncertainty, and expensive administration. Although we must accept the existence of deficits in times of unem- ployment, they will be only in proportion to the emergency. The tax policies suggested do not contemplate permanent budget deficits as a necessary element in the economy. On the contrary, they allow for the possible overexpansion of private business activity which would be checked by public debt retirement. These policies do not require, nor do they justify, spending for its own sake, nor do they approve wasteful expenditure. I have stated as basic tax policy the proposition: Reduce taxes to balance the budget at high employment at high employment. This simple statement requires some clarification if it is to be applied properly in policy making. The fact is, and I confess it shamelessly, the term "budget" is highly ambiguous; and I would not use it at all if another term, which I shall presently define, were popularly understood and generally acceptable. First of all, we must reconsider what we are to mean by the term "budget." In the interest of clarity, I propose that we confine the term "budget" to those financial arrangements that from time to time fall un- der the jurisdiction of the Director of the Federal Budget. This concep- tion, although clear and precise, limits the significance of the budget for fiscal and monetary policy to a subordinate, though important, posi- tion. It is apparent that the "budget" in this sense has neither economic, monetary, nor financial significance except as it is a part of a larger whole. Its significance is of an administrative character, and the balanc- ing of this budget is nothing but the balancing of accounts which have been associated for administrative convenience. There are, therefore, no intelligible issues of a financial or economic character associated with the budget as here defined. It is possible, however, to extend the concept of the budget, that is, of financial planning, to include all the financial transactions of the federal government. Let us term this comprehensive concept the "superbudget." The superbudget would include not only the budget as we have defined it, but also social security and other trust accounts, including the current operations of the several federal corporations, such as the Export-Import Bank and the Commodity Credit Corporation, which are not part of the budget today. The term "superbudget" should not be taken to imply anything with respect to its absolute magnitude, but only to its comprehensiveness. The federal government has the power to associate the totality of financial transactions in a single schema, and accordingly it has the ability to judge one item against another item and each item against the whole. The federal government may then have a policy with respect to the superbudget and this policy, when it exists, may be termed the fiscal policy of the federal government. The fiscal policy, since it would apply to the superbudget, would thus include, as parts, the budget policy, the tax policy, the lending policy at home and abroad, the bor- rowing policy, and so forth, and would transcend these particular policies in associating them within the superbudget as a whole. In order to understand how the superbudget is related to the financial and economic activity of the national community, it is necessary to make an additional distinction between what may be termed the "dollar" and the "income" superbudgets. The dollar superbudget is what we see if we look at a piece of paper which has the superbudget written on it. It would consist of the items of receipts and disbursements together with the dollar amounts associated with each item. This dollar superbudget is thus a projection of planned financial transactions and as such its significance is primarily financial. But in addition to being a projection of financial transactions, below the surface the superbudget is also a projection of impacts affecting the national income. The character of this projection is not apparent on the surface figures of the superbudget, and can be judged only by an esti- mate of what lies beneath; that is, by the development of an "income" superbudget. The income superbudget, being a projection of intended impacts affecting the national income, has a significance which is primarily economic. The dollar superbudget may be stated precisely; the income super- budget can only be approximated within wide margins of error. Yet in spite of the approximate character of the income superbudget, fiscal policy must take both into account, because they are different in kind and cannot be used interchangeably. The size of the income effect for any category of receipts or disburse- ments will differ from time to time; it may indeed be positive or negative with respect to certain financial transactions. Obviously, the selection of a particular coefficient for a particular financial transaction at a partic- ular time must be based on judgment flowing from examination and analysis of such statistical and nonquantitative evidence as may be or may become available. Skepticism exists in many quarters as to the possibility of income superbudget construction on the ground that the income effects are not precisely known and can never be known. This skepticism is justified if it is intended as a warning against treating the incomne superbudget with the same certainty as the dollar superbudget, or anywhere near it; the
POSTWAR TAX POLICY 273 skepticism is not warranted if it discourages a study of the logical con- sequences of financial decisions made manifest in the dollar superbudget, or if it prevents us from drawing broad conclusions as to desirable fiscal policy within wide margins of estimate. As a final answer to those who object to the use of the income super- budget because of its necessarily approximate character, it should be pointed out that the income effects of financial transactions exist whether they have been estimated or not, and the economic realities disclosed by the income superbudget exist, whether it has been set up or not. It should also be pointed out that only the income superbudget has relevance to over-all economic analyses affecting fiscal policy and national income. Accordingly inferences with respect to fiscal policy and national income which are drawn from the figures of the dollar super- budget are in fact based on a most improbable assumption; namely, that the dollar and the income superbudgets are identical and can be used interchangeably; or to put it another way, that for all classifications of receipts and expenditures the income effects are equal. This, I submit, is obviously not true. The definitions, distinctions, and inferences we have made so far may be summed up as follows: 1. The term "budget" has been limited to the projected financial transactions under the jurisdiction of the Bureau of the Budget, and the term "superbudget" has been introduced to refer to the totality of financial transactions under the control of the federal government. 2. Questions of fiscal policy are related, not to the budget, but to the superbudget, since here the total financial impact of the federal govern- ment on the economy is projected; from this impact economic con- sequences may be inferred, and in the power to vary the impact, and the economic consequences, national fiscal policy can be expressed. 3. With respect to the superbudget, we have distinguished between the dollar superbudget and the income superbudget. (a) The dollar superbudget is a projection of planned financial transactions and as such its significance is primarily financial. (b) The income superbudget, flowing from the dollar superbudget, is a projection of impacts in their effect on the national income and as such its significance is primarily economic. 4. Because of the varying incomes effects of the several items of the superbudget, the dollar and the income superbudgets are not the same and cannot be used interchangeably. 5. Accordingly, questions of fiscal policy must be separately con- sidered as they affect the one superbudget or the other. Much of the controversy with respect to national fiscal policy arises from a failure to distinguish between (a) the dollar and (b) the income
274 AMERICAN ECONOMIC ASSOCIATION superbudgets and to separate the issues that are relevant to the one from those that are relevant to the other. We can now restate our basic tax policy precisely as follows: Tax rates should be set to balance the income superbudget at high employment at high employment. Let me repeat, our preoccupation with fiscal policy in these remarks should not cause us to overrate these problems of policy, important as they are. Fiscal and monetary measures are primarily facilitating mechanisms that help us to perform or to prevent actions, the merit of which should be judged in other terms of reference. Decisions as to the sources of federal revenues, the objects of federal expenditures, the magnitude of the superbudget itself-these involve questions of public policy that transcend fiscal policy. But we should be sure-and here fiscal policy is important-that defective fiscal policy and practice no longer obstruct us in accomplishing the purposes which we, as a nation, have set for ourselves. It seems to me that great promise for the future may lie in the con- sideration of these dollar and income superbudgets, for they provide a clue as to how a positive fiscal program can produce desirable economic effects within a framework of financial prudence. It is clear, for example, that a fiscal program should arise from an explicit fiscal policy, the various parts of which are internally consistent. It is clear that decisions as to program will have to be based partly on fact and partly on judgment. It is clear that the administration of the program will require the action of several agencies working together as a team. Here, at the point of fiscal and monetary policy, where the relations between government and business are of the greatest importance for the working out of peacetime employment and production problems, busi- ness may properly be apprehensive. It may be apprehensive, not that the intentions of government will be hostile or even indifferent, but that, unless the preparatory organizational work is done now, the federal government will be helpless in executing even the most elemen- tary collaborative program. Business wants a federal fiscal policy that will help it create good products, good jobs, and good investments. Business does not expect a national fiscal policy to do the work of business for it. It does ask for co- operation in maintaining a flow of purchasing demand that will have some general correspondence to what agriculture, labor, and business are able to produce and to distribute. With such a flow of purchasing demand, we can avoid regimentation, maintain a high level of employment, and raise the standard of living to new heights for all the people.
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2.4
This brings up an important point. The purpose of the monetary system (from the point of view of the currency issuer) is to move some resources to the government sector; and the purpose of the tax is to create a demand for currency that is used to accomplish that objective. The government needs a tax not to produce revenue but to produce sales of labor, resources, and output for currency. Most people think the purpose of a tax is to raise revenue so government can afford to spend. The difference is subtle but the implication is important. Government cannot run out of the "wherewithal" to spend. It can, however, run out of public willingness to sell more labor, resources and output for currency – at least at a fixed price. To move even more resources, government could try raising the price it pays (but that might fail to actually move more resources – it might just cause inflation), or it can try to increase taxes. But the purpose of raising tax rates is not revenue but rather to increase demand for currency!
In his 1946b article, he emphasized that "We must recognize that the objective of national fiscal policy is above all to maintain a sound currency and efficient financial institutions; but consistent with the basic purpose, fiscal policy should and can contribute a great deal toward obtaining a high level of productive employment and prosperity" (1946b, pp. 266–67). This view is similar to that propounded in MMT, emphasizing the role of taxes to regulate aggregate demand and inflation. He goes on to say that the US government gained the ability to pursue these goals after WWII due to two developments. The first was the creation of "a modern central bank", and the second was the sovereign issue of a currency that "is not convertible into gold or into some other commodity". With those two conditions, "[i]t follows that our federal government has final freedom from the money market in meeting its financial requirements ... . National states no longer need taxes to get the wherewithal to meet their expenses" (1946b, pp. 267–8).
Why, then, does the national government need taxes? He counts four reasons: (1) as an instrument of fiscal policy to help stabilize the purchasing
租税の支払いはどこへ行くのか? どこへも行かない──銀行の口座に引落としの記帳がなされるだけだ。租税は支出を「賄う」わけではないし、そんなことはそもそもできない。 このことはすべて、1940年代にニューヨーク連銀の議長を務めたニューディーラー、ビアズリー・ラムルによって認識されていた。彼は「所得税源泉徴収の父」として知られるだけでなく、租税の役割に関する2つの重要な論文を書いた("Taxes for Revenue are Obsolete〔歳入のための租税は時代遅れである〕" [1946a] および "Tax Policies for Prosperity〔繁栄のための租税政策〕" [1946b])。まずは、主権を有する政府は歳入のために租税を必要としないという彼の説得力ある主張を、次いで租税の役割に関する彼の考え方を検討しよう。 「繁栄のための租税政策」の中で、ラムルは次のように強調した。「我々は認識しなければならない。国家の財政政策の目的は、何よりも健全な通貨と効率的な金融機関を維持することである。けれども、財政政策は、基本的な目的と整合させつつも、高いレベルの生産的雇用と繁栄の獲得に大いに貢献をすべきであり、実際そうすることが可能である」(Ruml [1946b] pp. 266‐267)。この考え方は、総需要とインフレを調整するという租税の役割を強調するMMTの考え方と似ている。 ラムルは続けて、第二次世界大戦後、米国政府は2つの出来事によってこれらの目的を追求する能力を手に入れたと論じている。1つ目は「現代の中央銀行」の創設であり、2つ目は「金などの商品と交換されない」主権通貨の発行であった。この2つの条件によって、「連邦政府は、自らの財政的要求を満たすに当たり、金融市場からの決定的な自由を手に入れることになる……。国民国家は、自らの出費を賄うのに必要な資金を得るために、もはや租税を必要としない」(Ruml [1946b] pp. 267‐268)。
では、なぜ国民国家の政府は租税を必要とするのだろうか? 彼は4つの理由を挙げている。 (1)ドルの購買力安定を促進する財政政策の手段として、(2)累進的な所得税や遺産税のような、富と所得の分配に関する公共政策を示すため、(3)様々な産業や経済集団を支援し、あるいは罰する公共政策を示すため、(4)高速道路や社会保障のような、ある種の国益にかかるコストを分離し、直接賦課するため(Ruml [1946b] p. 268)。
レイ金ぴか本5.2で、ラムルの言葉として以下が引用されています。
National states no longer need taxes to get the wherewithal to meet their expenses" (1946b, pp. 267–8).
邦訳:
国民国家は、自らの出費を賄うのに必要な資金を得るために、もはや租税を必要としない。
(kindle:No.4041)
(Ruml, Beardsley. 1946b. "Tax Policies for Prosperity," American Economic Review, Vol. 36, No. 2: 265‐274. )
well we have another distinguished American amongst us today that I think it'd be nice if we could hear a few words from him deadly Rommel why no leads no introduction you know there's many interests civic and government you are living by his tax plan I don't know that was good affair but maybe has an idea how we can reduce taxes I don't know you can't tell me but we'd love to hear some beware is it over here come on be.
0:50
Ruml:
mr. taxpayer ladies.
and just I think it's very gratifying at a meeting such as this to hear as little discussion as there is to prove that it is economically possible undesirable to employ the disabled citizen.
we don't want to forget it we can't say that it is over emphasized but I need the economic.
but there are other elements that transcend the economic that you please give it the flavor that makes the economic worth doing.
so I'm not going to talk much about the economic I'm going to talk about some other aspects.
we've gone a long way from 20 years ago if one man had a job he was keeping somebody else from having a job.
do your number letter whites couldn't get a job in the federal government because her husband was employed?
and remember even now we think anyone who's getting old age security probably ought to quit work because they're keeping somebody else from work.
we still have some hangovers so the period of share of the work.
these are disappearing rapidly and today I think no one feels that a disabled employee is keeping anyone else of a job.
I mentioned there's only to show how far we have progressed and yet how much farther we must.
as far as the other responsibilities there's only one word for it and these are the moral responsibilities.
the duty that arises from people who are in positions of power.
the economic having been settled abundantly.
the company that does not organize to do what it can to imply the disabled.
the management must be considered either ignorant or indifference. unfirm either part of you does that make an acceptable basis for a company that has to work in the kind of society we are.
because people expect people in the position of power to exercise their moral duty with respect to the people that work with them in the community in which they live.
now there's a curious thing about work and that is that work is not only a way of making a living but it's a way of living the human animal was born to work.
we all have a little touch with our human nature the squirrel and of the beer.
the squirrel who puts away more nuts than he can possibly eat and the beaver that makes more dams that he can possibly use.
we all have this in us on the individual without work flying light is an individual who is outside of himself as a normal psychological biological human being.
and so in addition to performing all the other functions and all the economic benefits to their eyes from this measure of employment.
there is the additional value that comes from making normal sane human beings other people who otherwise might feel unlocated as you please in the society in which they're living.
so I present this to you as a problem for business not so much to find a profitable way of using people.
but to find a way of organizing your organization so that this work will be done.
well there's some of the feel I think that there's a public relations factor that is a negative one.
but I can assure you that it is again up to business to help with the public opinion that will not only make the visible signs of employment of the disabled not unpleasant that place.
yesterday afternoon I was sitting in the lobby of the Waldorf and I saw a porter going around picking up ashes and paper.
who is obviously a man with serious physical handicap.
I don't need it's only the fact that I was coming here today it makes me feel even better about the wallet .
and I think that you will get with the effort that is going on from this group.
a theory on the part of the public of expecting to see in positions that can be appropriately arranged for them.
President's Committee on Employment of the Physically Handicapped
This recording marks [the first?] meeting of the President's Committee on Employment of the Physically Handicapped. Arde Bulova, Chairman of the Special Employer Subcommittee, invites several speakers to the microphone to discuss the importance of hiring disabled workers, with emphasis on those disabled on the job or in combat.
Speakers: Melvin J. Maas, Chairman of the Committee General Omar Nelson Bradley Harvey V. Higley, Administrator of Veterans Affairs Beardsley Ruml Mary E. Switzer, Director of Vocational Rehabilitation Dr. Howard Rusk Phillip D. Reed, General Electric Henry (Hank) Viscardi, Abilities, INC. Robert Freelander, Come Play Products Leonard W. Mayo, Association for Aid of Crippled Children
The economic benefits of rehabilitating the disabled are discussed, especially in the face of "that godless religion of Satan calling itself Communism," according to Maas, and that it is up to the business community to find solutions. The meeting concludes with the adoption of a formal resolution, read by Leo Mayo, urging employers to provide job opportunities for disabled workers.
There is a short question and answer period; however, speakers recorded off mic are barely audible.
According to the Law Library of Congress, "In 1947 President Truman established the 'President's Committee on National Employ the Physically Handicapped Week.' This Committee assumed the responsibility of coordinating events and generating publicity for the week. Subsequently, in 1949, Congress authorized an annual appropriation for the committee, and in 1954 in the Amendments to the Vocational Rehabilitation Act Congress directed the Committee to work with state and local authorities to promote job opportunities for the physically disabled. In 1955 President Eisenhower issued Executive Order No. 10640, which established the committee as a permanent organization and renamed it the 'President's Committee on Employment of the Physically Handicapped."
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