Toward Sustainable Development
An Ecological Economics Approach
Philip A. Lawn
Contents
1 Introduction
I An ecological economic view of the sustainable
development concept
2 An overview of the sustainable development concept
3 What is development?
4 What is sustainability?
II Sustainable development, economic theory, and macro policy goals and instruments
6 Sustainable development and an optimal macroeconomic scale
7 Economic efficiency and policy goals and instruments
8 Sustainable development and the role of relative prices
9 Sustainable development and the role of the market
III Sustainable development and the co-evolutionary paradigm
10 The neoclassical economic framework as a product of the Newtonian world view
11 The development of a co-evolutionary-based conceptual framework
12 The market: a co-evolutionary feedback mechanism
IV Toward sustainable development
13 Toward sustainable development: a framework for policy setting and national accounting reform
14 Toward sustainable development: sustainable development indicators
15 Toward sustainable development: policy conclusions and prescriptions
16 Toward sustainable development: the need for moral growth
V Appendices
Appendix 1 The uncancelled benefit account for Australia, 1966-1967 to 1994-1995
Appendix 2 The uncancelled cost account for Australia, 1966-1967 to 1994-1995
Appendix 3 The human-made capital account for Australia, 1966-1967 to 1994-1995 Appendix 4 The natural capital account for Australia, 1966-1967 to 1994-1995
Acronyms
References
Index
持続可能な開発に向けて
エコロジー経済学的アプローチ
フィリップ・A・ローン
目次
1 はじめに
I 持続可能な開発の概念に対する生態経済学的な見方
2 持続可能な開発コンセプトの概要
3 開発とは何か？
4 持続可能性とは何か？
II 持続可能な開発、経済理論、およびマクロ政策の目標と手段
6 持続可能な開発と最適なマクロ経済規模
7 経済効率と政策目標・手段
8 持続可能な開発と相対価格の役割
9 持続可能な開発と市場の役割
III 持続可能な開発と共進化のパラダイム
10 ニュートン的世界観の産物としての新古典派経済フレームワーク
11 共進化に基づく概念枠組みの構築
12 市場：共進化のフィードバック・メカニズム
IV 持続可能な開発に向けて
13 持続可能な発展に向けて：政策設定と国家会計改革のフレームワーク
14 持続可能な発展に向けて：持続可能な開発指標
15 持続可能な発展に向けて：政策の結論と処方箋
16 持続可能な発展に向けて：道徳的成長の必要性
V 付録
付録1 オーストラリアの未解約の給付金勘定。1966-1967年から1994-1995年まで
付録2 オーストラリアの費用勘定（キャンセルなし）。1966-67年から1994-1995年まで
付録3 オーストラリアの人造資本勘定,1966-1967年から1994-1995年まで
補遺 4 オーストラリアの自然資本勘定,1966-1967年から1994-1995年まで
頭字語
参考文献
索引
"The significant problems we face cannot be solved at the same level of thinking we were at when we created them."
Albert Einstein
"私たちが直面する重要な問題は、それを生み出した時と同じレベルの思考では解決できない"
アルバート・アインシュタイン
Toward Sustainable Development
An Ecological Economics Approach
Philip A. Lawn
Philip Andrew Lawn
Toward Sustainable Development: An
Ecological Economics Approach
Contents
1 Introduction.
1.1 The aims and objectives of the book.
1.2 What is ecological economics?....
1.3 Epilogue............
I
An ecological economic view of the sustainable
development concept
2.1.2
ハードカバー:
2 An overview of the sustainable development concept..
2.1 An examination of a range of sustainable development
concepts.
2.1.1
2.1.3
2.1.4
2.2.2
A brief look at the process that led to the
establishment of the sustainable
development concept...........
An examination of a range of sustainable
development definitions.....
The perception of continuous growth as a
sustainable development prerequisite.
Hicksian income and a constant stock of capital
as a sustainable development condition.
Conclusion.
2.1.5
2.2 An ends-means spectrum as the theoretical foundation
for a sustainable development concept...
2.2.1 The movement toward sustainable development
as the ecological economic problem.........
The interdependent relationship between
sustainability and development.....
3 What is development?........
3.1 Development: a qualitative rather than quantitative
phenomenon.
1
1
11
11
12
.14
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.20
.21
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(税込)
3.1.1
3.1.2
3.1.3
updated suitably.
3.2 Establishing a development-based rule of right action..
Human existential balance demands an optimal
stock of human-made capital.
3.2.1
A principle of limitation as a development-based
rule of right action..
Development requires the maintenance of
moral capital.........
3.3 What is development? A summary.
3.2.2
3.2.3
4 What is sustainability?..
4.1 Does sustainability matter?.
4.1.1
Development requires intermediate ends to be
appropriately ranked and the ultimate end to be
appropriately conceived..
What is the ultimate end?.
Development requires the ultimate end to be
4.2.2
4.1.2 Sustainability as a development prerequisite.
4.1.3 What needs to be sustained?.
4.2 The instrumental source and sink functions of
natural capital............
4.2.1
4.2.3
Sustainability and the higher-order moral principle
of intergenerational equity.....
4.2.4
ecosphere's negentropic potential.....
Establishing guidelines as precepts for
operating sustainably....
4.2.3.1 The source function.
4.2.3.2
The sink function.
4.2.3.3 Recycling.
Sustainability precepts to maintain the
ecosphere's source and sink functions..
4.3 The instrumental life-support function of natural capital..
Biodiversity and the life-support function of
natural capital......
4.3.1
4.3.2 Implications of the need to preserve biodiversity.
4.4 The intrinsic value of natural capital.
4.4.1 An obligation to preserve the evolutionary process.
Implications of a biocentric stance
4.4.2
4.5 What is sustainability? A summary..
.30
32
5 What is sustainable development?.....
5.1 Reconciling sustainability and development.
5.2 Justifying the concept of sustainable development.
34
.35
37
.39
40 41
43
43
The complementarity of human-made and natural
capital
how much natural capital is needed?...............49
Sustainability requires the maintenance of the
43
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48
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II Sustainable development, economic theory, and macro policy
goals and instruments
6 Sustainable development and an optimal macroeconomic
scale..
6.1 What is an optimal macroeconomic scale?.
6.1.1
6.1.2
6.1.3
6.1.4
Standard economics' glittering anomaly.
The uncancelled benefits of economic activity..
The uncancelled costs of economic activity.
Sustainable net benefits and an optimal
macroeconomic scale.......
Electing to operate at the maximum sustainable
macroeconomic scale when the maximum
sustainable scale is the optimal scale.
6.2 Technological progress and an optimal macroeconomic
scale.
6.2.1 Introducing the ecological economic efficiency
6.1.5
(EEE) identity
Impact of a beneficial shift of the uncancelled
benefits (UB) curve.....
6.2.3 Impact of a beneficial shift of the uncancelled
cost (UC) curve.
6.2.2
6.2.4 Increasing efficiency not always implying
a larger optimal scale..
Efficiency-increasing and throughput-increasing
technological progress.
The ecological economic efficiency identity
breaking the ecological economic problem into
manageable yet interdependent subproblems....
6.3 Additional aspects of an optimal macroeconomic scale.
6.3.1 Limits to the beneficial shift of the uncancelled
benefits and uncancelled costs curves
A sustainability buffer - allowing for
uncontrollable fluctuations in the ecosphere's
long-run carrying capacity.
A biocentric versus egocentric optimum..
6.2.5
6.2.6
6.3.2
6.3.3
7 Economic efficiency and policy goals and instruments
7.1 Standard versus ecological economic efficiency.
7.1.1 Recognising trade-offs that contribute to the
movement toward sustainable development..
7.1.2 Ecological and standard economic efficiency.
7.2 Macro policy goals and instruments
7.2.1 The erroneous belief that an efficient allocation
solves the throughput problem....
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7.2.2
8 Sustainable development and the role of relative prices.
8.1 What are the main determinants of relative prices?.
8.2 Relative prices comparing the standard and ecological
economic efficiency contexts.
8.2.1
Low entropy resource prices.
8.2.1.1
8.2.2
8.2.3
Price-determined outcomes and price-influencing
decisions addressing the intermediate macro
policy goals in the correct order.
9 Sustainable development and the role of the market.
9.1 What is a market and what is required for it to operate
Comparing the standard and ecological
economic efficiency contexts...
8.2.1.2 Renewable versus nonrenewable resource
freely and effectively?.
9.1.1
9.1.2
9.2.2
reliance........
The relative prices of human-made capital
8.2.2.1 Comparing the standard and ecological
economic efficiency contexts...
Relative price variations often reflecting
disparate efficiency contexts.......
9.2 The conventional view of the market...
9.3.3
9.2.1 The conventional free market view - falsely
positing a conflict between freedom and authority
The conventional free market view - falsely
positing a natural economic order driven by
individual self-interest...
9.3 The propensity for the market to erode its own
requirements.
Why do markets exist?
The virtues of the market - a function of the
market's institutional setting.
9.4.2
9.3.4 The tendency for the market to fail..
9.4 What is an appropriate market domain?.
9.4.1
110
Rejecting the economic imperialist and minimalist
market positions .........
The evolution of a more appropriate market
domain....
113
113
115
115
116
120
121
122
123
125
125
126
132
9.3.1 The tendency for competition to be self-eliminating.... 132
9.3.2
The tendency for the market to deplete
moral capital.....
The tendency for the market to deplete its natural
capital foundations....
127
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129
130
133
133
134
135
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III Sustainable development and the co-evolutionary paradigm
10 The neoclassical economic framework as a product of
the Newtonian world view.
10.1 The need to assess the neoclassical paradigm's
atomistic-mechanistic foundations........
10.2 Characteristic features of the Newtonian world view and
the neoclassical economic paradigm.
10.2.1 Characteristic features of the Newtonian
10.2.2
10.3 The shortcomings of both the Newtonian world view and
the neoclassical economic paradigm.
10.3.1 The inadequacies of the neoclassical
world view...............
The neoclassical economic paradigm as a product
of the Newtonian world view.
economic paradigm......
10.3.2 Bridging the gap between theory and reality
need for a paradigm shift ...
11 The development of a co-evolutionary-based
conceptual framework.….....
11.1 The basic principles underlying a co-evolutionary-based
conceptual framework.....
11.1.1 What are the basic features of a coevolutionary
world view?..
11.2.1 Macro stability and micro chaos - opposing
aspects of the principle of self-organisation.
11.2.2 The principle of co-evolutionary balance..
11.2.2.1 The very short term..
11.2.2.2 The short term.....
11.2.2.3 The medium term.
11.2.2.4 The long term.
11.2.3 The emergence of systemic instability and chaos
11.2.5
the
through bifurcation
11.2.3.1 Implications
11.2.4 Rapidity and frequency of systemic chaos
through bifurcation
11.2.4.1 Implications.
Sources of surprise — risk, uncertainty, and
human ignorance..
11.2.5.1 Risk and uncertainty.
11.2.5.2 Closed and open ignorance.
11.2.5.3 Implications.
141
.141
.... 143
143
145
153
11.1.2 The global system as one large evolutionary process... 157
11.2 Fundamental aspects of a co-evolutionary-based
conceptual framework......
159
.... 148
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11.2.6 Feedback in co-evolutionary processes.
11.2.6.1 Implications.
11.2.7 Human belief systems as a driving factor in global
co-evolutionary processes.
11.2.7.1 Implications.
11.2.8 Institutions as the biological equivalent to
the gene.
11.2.9 History matters - chreodic evolutionary
pathways...
11.2.9.1 Implications.
11.2.10 Path dependency in coevolutionary processes..
11.2.10.1 Implications.
11.3 Concluding remarks ..
12 The market: a co-evolutionary feedback mechanism
12.1 The role of the market in the co-evolutionary process.
12.1.1 Economic genotypes and phenotypes...
12.1.1.1 The economic macrogenotype..
12.1.1.2 The economic macrophenotype
12.1.2 The price-influencing effect of genotypic and
phenotypic evolution......
12.1.2.1 The price-influencing effect of phenotypic
12.1.2.2
The price-influencing effect of genotypic
12.1.3
evolution..........
evolution.........
A schematic representation of the co-evolutionary
process.
12.2 The market as a co-evolutionary feedback mechanism.
12.2.1 Incorporating recursive feedback into the
evolutionary economic schema.
170
172
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173
IV Toward sustainable development
13 Toward sustainable development: a framework for policy
setting and national accounting reform.
13.1 Policy setting, national accounting, and the optimal
macroeconomic scale.
174
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184
.............. 186
187
.189
12.2.2
The market as a negative feedback mechanism.
12.2.3 The market as a positive feedback mechanism..... 190
12.3 Further applications of the evolutionary economic schema...... 192
12.3.1 Human responses to positive feedback effects............ 192
12.3.2 Path-dependency implications for policy
implementation..
12.3.3 Externalities from a co-evolutionary perspective
12.4 Concluding remarks.
195
197
199
203
.203
3:
13.1.1 The failure of policy - a failure to embrace
the notion of an optimal macroeconomic scale...
13.1.2 Co-evolutionary explanations for the perceived
growth imperative........
13.2 A framework for policy setting and national
accounting reform.
14 Toward sustainable development: sustainable
development indicators
14.1 The need for national accounting reform.
14.2 Reform no. 1: a strong sustainability measure of
Hicksian income...
14.2.1 Establishing a strong sustainability measure of
Hicksian income
14.2.2
14.3.5
14.3.6
14.3.7
14.3.8
14.3.9
203
(EEE) ratio.
Ratio no. 1
capital.
14.4.6 Ratio no. 2-
.204
human-made capital.
14.4.7 Ratio no. 3- the growth efficiency of natural
capital.
.206
A previous attempt at a national measure of
Hicksian income
14.2.3 Problems with Hicksian income the need for a
sustainable net benefit index.
14.3 Reform no. 2: a sustainable net benefit index...
14.3.1 Nordhaus and Tobin's measure of economic
welfare.
14.3.2 Zolotas's index of economic aspects of welfare.
14.3.3 Daly and Cobb's index of sustainable economic
welfare.
14.3.4
How useful is the index of sustainable economic
welfare?
.222
Introducing the sustainable net benefit index.
.224
.229
.239
Account no. 1 - the uncancelled benefit account...... .225
Account no. 2- the uncancelled cost account....
Calculating the sustainable net benefit index...
Cross-country comparison of the sustainable net
benefit index and indexes of sustainable
economic welfare.......
.211
.211
212
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217
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.219
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.221
14.4 Reform no. 3: a measure of ecological economic efficiency.
14.4.1 Account no. 3- the human-made capital account...... 242
Account no. 4 the throughput account...
.244
14.4.2
14.4.3
Account no. 5- the natural capital stock account.. .248
14.4.4 Calculating the ecological economic efficiency
14.4.5
the service efficiency of human-made
the maintenance efficiency of
.240
....... 242
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14.4.8 Ratio no. 4 the exploitative efficiency of
natural capital
14.5 Reform no. 4: supplementary sustainable development
indicators.
14.5.1 Supplementary development indicators..
14.5.2 Supplementary sustainability indicators.
14.5.3 Ranking the sustainable development performance
of different countries.
15 Toward sustainable development: policy conclusions and
prescriptions....
15.1 Structure of the chapter.
15.2 Policy prescriptions to resolve the macro policy goal of
allocative efficiency...
15.2.1 Establishing a set of properly defined property
rights.
15.2.1.1 Exclusivity.
15.2.1.2 Transferability.
15.2.1.3 Universality..
15.2.2 Minimising transaction costs.
15.2.4
15.2.5
15.2.2.1 The generation and dissemination of
15.2.2.2
15.2.2.3 Reducing the cost of contract
information and knowledge
Removing unnecessary nonprice rules
and regulations......
enforcement
15.2.3 Establishing and maintaining the contestability
status of markets........
15.2.3.1 Dealing with sunk costs.
15.2.3.2 Dealing with instances where sunk costs
cannot be detached from the utilising
firm.
15.2.3.3 Market deregulation and the privatisation
of government instrumentalities.
Labour market and corporate reform.
Ameliorating externalities.
15.2.5.1 Internalising the user cost of nonrenewable
resource depletion..........
15.2.5.2 Environmental assurance bonds.
15.3 Policy prescriptions to resolve the macro policy goal of
distributional equity..
15.3.1 Minimum and maximum levels of income
and wealth.
15.3.1.1 Determining minimum and maximum
limits on income...
15.3.1.2 Determining maximum limits on wealth.
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16 Toward sustainable development: the need for
moral growth...
16.1 Why sustainable development requires moral growth..
16.1.1 Boulding's three generalised systems of power..
16.1.2 Moral growth an essential feature of the
integrative system of power.
16.2 How is moral growth achieved?..
16.2.1
A moral consensus gained through the integrative
power of the truth..
16.2.2 The integrative power of truth created via a
learning/teaching process..
16.2.3
The need for nondialectical institutions,
organisations, and processes.
16.2.4 Conclusion
V Appendices
Appendix 1 The uncancelled benefit account for Australia,
1966-1967 to 1994-1995
A1.1 Introduction.
A1.2 Psychic income.
A1.3 Psychic outgo.......
Appendix 2 The uncancelled cost account for Australia,
1966-1967 to 1994-1995
A2.1 Introduction
A2.2 Sacrificed source function of natural capital..
A2.3 Sacrificed sink function of natural capital.
A2.4 Sacrificed life-support function of natural capital.
Appendix 3 The human-made capital account for Australia,
1966-1967 to 1994-1995
A3.1 Introduction.........
A3.2 Human-made producer and consumer goods.
Appendix 4 The natural capital account for Australia,
1966-1967 to 1994-1995
A4.1 Introduction.
A4.2 Nonrenewable resources.
A4.3 Renewable resources.
Index.....
Acronyms..
References..
Copyrighted Material
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