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PLANET MONEY Modern Monetary Theory September 26, 2018https://t.co/nJT6MnHhDnhttps://t.co/9L8VoCfW0m pic.twitter.com/Z8ITDfJ5f0
< Modern Monetary Theory
SALLY HELM, HOST:
We got a brilliant question...
ALEX GOLDMARK, HOST:
Brilliant.
HELM: ...On our PLANET MONEY Twitter account recently - a question that spawned this entire episode.
AMY: I asked my dad about a question, and he said he couldn't answer it. So he told me to come and ask you.
HELM: It came to us from Amy (ph), a 13-year-old listener in Bristol, England.
GOLDMARK: She listens with her dad.
HELM: And Amy's question - it's about the government and what it can spend. Here it is.
AMY: I had this idea that because they print money, instead of giving it to the bank and making inflation go up, they could use it just for the public services. And it would be much easier. And it would be it would be, in general, really good because there's lots of problems with, like, there's not enough tax to go around all of the schools and hospitals. So I thought maybe this might help. So thank you for listening. Yeah, thanks. Bye.
HELM: This question is brilliant. It has so many layers.
GOLDMARK: Like the first part - printing money. What is stopping the government from printing as much money as it wants?
HELM: Basically nothing.
GOLDMARK: And then, the spending part. If the government prints money, why do they need to take my money in taxes?
HELM: And Amy even calls out the possible fatal flaw...
GOLDMARK: Inflation.
HELM: ...Inflation. But she's like, are we sure that this would cause inflation?
GOLDMARK: And the answer is nope. Inflation ain't what it used to be.
HELM: Economists of all ages are rethinking how it works.
(SOUNDBITE OF DANIEL TEPER AND PETER HAJIOFF'S "SPINNING PIANO")
HELM: At the heart of Amy's question is a paradox. The government can create money. But the government also says it doesn't have enough money to pay for stuff. Does that even make sense? Hello, and welcome to PLANET MONEY. I'm Sally Helm.
GOLDMARK: And I'm Alex Goldmark. Today on the show, the whole show is Amy's question. Can we buy everything we want? And if we try, will we be living in a utopia or an inflation nightmare?
(SOUNDBITE OF MUSIC)
HELM: OK. Alex, we found the perfect person to answer Amy's question. She's an economist, had a similar question about 20 years ago, and has been thinking about it ever since. Her name is Stephanie Kelton. So what do you think? Is Amy onto something?
STEPHANIE KELTON: You know, young people can be so clear-minded. Yeah, she - that is an incredibly sort of astute way of framing it. You know, the government can fund itself by simply issuing the money. And Amy has hit on something that is well-known to economists. But it's just that most economists like to say, but that's not really a very serious way of going about things.
GOLDMARK: But Stephanie is serious.
HELM: She's a professor at Stony Brook University. She's one of the leaders of this movement within the left wing of economics. It's called Modern Monetary Theory.
GOLDMARK: Or the initials MMT for short. And they say the government could create money and spend more without necessarily raising taxes or causing runaway inflation.
HELM: If you're wondering, before this episode is over, we will all scream the word inflation together. They know about inflation. Wait for it.
GOLDMARK: So 13-year-old Amy - her question led us straight into this whole huge alternate theory of economics.
HELM: And at just the right time - MMT is having a moment right now. There's a corner of the economist Internet that is, like, obsessed with this idea.
KELTON: There are more MMT blogs today than - I don't know - McDonald's franchises or something. They're just, like, everywhere.
HELM: And it's not just the blogs.
GOLDMARK: Politicians have been asking Stephanie and her colleagues to be advisers.
HELM: Bernie Sanders.
GOLDMARK: Earlier this year, she gave a keynote in Parliament in London at the House of Lords.
HELM: The Lords couldn't get enough.
GOLDMARK: Most economists used to ignore these ideas as fringe or far-out. And a lot of them still do. But lately, some economists who used to shrug off these ideas - they're starting to write about MMT. And regular people - more and more of them are becoming converts every week.
HELM: And when Stephanie is talking to a potential new convert, she often starts with the first basic part of Amy's question...
GOLDMARK: About, what is money?
HELM: Can the government just print as much money as it wants?
KELTON: I don't like the phrase printing money. I'll just lay that out there.
HELM: OK. OK. We're going to say create money because most of the money out there is digital, not paper.
GOLDMARK: No shock here - right? - the way we mostly handle money in our lives.
HELM: I mean, in my life, it's basically only numbers ticking up and down in my bank account. I never touch paper basically.
GOLDMARK: And most of that digital money out there in the world actually comes from banks making loans. It's worth a second to explain this one. It's different than the way a lot of textbooks talk about it. Here is the idea; let's do it.
HELM: OK. So say economist Stephanie Kelton needs a hundred thousand dollars to start a pancake restaurant.
GOLDMARK: Yummy.
HELM: I don't know. The bank checks out her credit history, and they're like, you're good. They decide to give her the money.
KELTON: The loan officer will type some numbers into his or her computer, and my account balance is going to increase by $100,000.
GOLDMARK: That is it. The bank officer isn't thinking about cash. She's not going down to the vault and counting 20s.
KELTON: People say, what? That's crazy. What - where did the bank get the money to make the loan? Well, it got it from the keyboard, right? It was a one followed by a number of zeros.
HELM: Call it the power of the keyboard. Banks have it. And Stephanie says so does the government.
GOLDMARK: The superpower of the keyboard.
HELM: This is how Stephanie tells a story of government spending. When Congress spends money on aircraft carriers or whatever, they just tell the government's bank - the Federal Reserve - to go and type some money into the accounts of, basically, whoever's making aircraft carriers. Just type it in. So Stephanie says the question - can the government afford something? - the answer to that question is always yes.
So, like, can we afford to build a thousand new bridges?
KELTON: Yes.
GOLDMARK: Could we fill all of the potholes in all of New York City if we wanted to?
KELTON: Of course.
GOLDMARK: And also buy a hundred new aircraft carriers for the military?
KELTON: You could.
GOLDMARK: Build that border wall that Trump wants?
KELTON: You could afford it.
GOLDMARK: And college for everybody? Federal government could pay for it.
KELTON: Affordable.
GOLDMARK: Sounds like a utopia. There has to be a catch though, right? We know there's a catch. What's the catch?
HELM: OK. We're going to get to the catch, but quick asterisk here - these MMT ideas apply only to governments that control their own currency - currency that's backed by nothing but the government's good name. It's not pegged to another currency. And this doesn't work for countries that borrow in another currency.
GOLDMARK: So it applies to the U.S. and to the U.K., but not, say, to Greece because they use the euro or Venezuela because they have a bunch of debt in U.S. dollars.
HELM: Right - because then Greece and Venezuela can't use the power of the keyboard to pay back the debt if they need to in the same way.
GOLDMARK: Asterisk over?
HELM: Yes, it's over.
GOLDMARK: OK, let's go. OK. So from here on out, let's focus on the U.S. and the U.K. 13-year-old Amy, afterall, lives in the U.K.
HELM: This all leads us to the next part of our big question from Amy. The government can create money. So what's the point of taxes? Why does the government need to take my money in taxes?
GOLDMARK: The story on taxes that I always had in my head - it says that the government spends money because, you know, it has to.
HELM: It needs to pay for aircraft carriers and first-grade teachers.
GOLDMARK: And part of the government's job is to balance the amount of money that it spends with the amount of money that it takes in.
HELM: This is the part where you hear, you know, about Congress fighting over the budget.
GOLDMARK: The government takes in money in taxes. And if it needs a little extra, it borrows some money.
HELM: And then, across town, the Federal Reserve - the central bank - they look at the health of the overall economy and change interest rates or create some money, maybe remove some money from circulation to keep the economy in balance. Basically, the Fed handles that big picture stuff like fighting inflation. And meanwhile, Congress buys aircraft carriers.
GOLDMARK: But Modern Monetary Theory says it doesn't have to be this way.
HELM: Forget everything you know.
GOLDMARK: Back when Stephanie was a young grad student, she heard about a different way of looking at things. It was being shopped around by a finance guy named Warren Mosler.
HELM: He was looking at this whole system - the federal government, the central bank. And it's like when you're looking at one of those optical illusions - is it a goblet or is it two faces staring at each other?
GOLDMARK: I always see the faces first.
HELM: He's looking at the system, and it's like he suddenly sees the goblet.
GOLDMARK: If you look at it a little differently, then taxes don't finance spending - spending comes first and taxes second. This got me, so let's slow it down. Here's the old way. Taxes bring in the money, then government spends that money.
HELM: Mosler's new way - government just spends - power of the keyboard. Then the government has something to tax.
GOLDMARK: The money's is out there. So Stephanie was initially not sold on Warren Mosler's argument. She was like, this sounds fishy. I'm going to vet it.
KELTON: So I spent a number of months reading treasury manuals, Fed manuals, tracing out all of the balance sheet entries, going through the minutia of how government spending and taxation and financing actually works. I wrote it all down with all the complicating details. And I ended up reaching exactly the same conclusion that Warren had reached.
HELM: When she looks at all the details, she's like, whoa. Actually, yes - this is a valid way of looking at the world.
GOLDMARK: Which kind of throws off the whole way she was thinking about economics.
HELM: And there was this group of other economists talking about these ideas - thereabout about six or seven of them, eventually. And they become these Modern Monetary Theory people.
GOLDMARK: The MMT crowd is born.
HELM: Do you start talking about that at, like, the economist bar, where you guys are, like, drinking economist beers?
KELTON: Oh, totally. Totally - we named a cocktail after it.
HELM: (Laughter).
KELTON: No, I mean, it's...
HELM: The M-M-Tonic (ph).
KELTON: Yeah. It's the mind bender, I think, which is what we probably would have called it if we'd actually done it.
HELM: So in this mind-bending world, we still have the question, why does the government tax at all? Stephanie says, one reason...
KELTON: It taxes because it wants to remove some of the money that it spent into the economy so that it can guard against the risk of inflation.
HELM: Inflation.
GOLDMARK: Inflation. We told you we'd yell it.
HELM: We got there.
GOLDMARK: OK. This is one of the big ideas of Modern Monetary Theory. Taxes are not for spending. Taxes are for fighting inflation. And spending - that isn't just to buy stuff the government needs, but the power of the keyboard - the spending from that - can be put to use for doing all kinds of good things - to put money into the economy to give it a boost or to help get to full employment.
HELM: OK, so the government is spending money into the economy. Spend, spend, spend - and eventually, they're going to need to drain some money out.
GOLDMARK: And she says you can think of taxes as a way to do that.
HELM: Because, I mean, you've got to have a way to get money out of the economy, right?
GOLDMARK: And this is a big question that we had about MMT. If you remind the government that it has the power of the keyboard, is the government going to go crazy? And then, will you get, like, people with wheelbarrows full of cash, dumping piles of money on the counter when they want to buy a cup of coffee?
HELM: I'm going to sort of summarize, like, common objections that I here come up to this. And I think I could summarize them succinctly by saying just, like, Venezuela, Weimar Germany, Zimbabwe...
KELTON: Deeply thoughtful - right? - objections, yes.
HELM: I mean, so that's, like, countries that face hyperinflation.
KELTON: Well, those aren't serious objections. Those aren't - that's not a serious objection. That's someone who wants to resist what they're hearing. And so they throw out a word - Zimbabwe, Venezuela, Weimar Germany. And so - look. If you think hyperinflation is the necessary result of what I just described - the government sitting down with its budget and deciding how many dollars to write into each of these line items - you could well get inflation. I'm not denying that. The federal government could try to spend too much into an economy that doesn't have the room to absorb that much new spending. And you begin to get an inflation problem. I'm not suggesting that that can't happen.
GOLDMARK: But she thinks it wouldn't necessarily happen.
HELM: And we were like, wait, but wouldn't it happen?
GOLDMARK: I mean, if there's just a ton more money pumped into an economy, then everyone has more money. So then everyone's going to spend more money, and that is what drives up prices and causes inflation.
HELM: If there's more money out there through the government spending, then it's out there. And people can do whatever they want with it. So I'm trying to get my head around - like, wouldn't that cause inflation somehow? If everyone - a bunch of people - have more money because the government is spending a bunch more, then won't they spend that money on stuff? And couldn't that cause inflation?
KELTON: Well, where is it? Well, where is it? We've been doing it. We just did it with a $1.5 trillion tax cut. We did it with the 300 billion in additional spending. We've done it and done it and done it. Where is the inflation problem? I don't see it in the U.K. I don't see it in Japan. I don't see it in the U.S.
HELM: It's true. Countries, including the U.S., have had a hard time hitting the inflation targets that they want to hit for years.
GOLDMARK: We just did a whole episode on this two weeks ago.
HELM: So Stephanie says we shouldn't be freaking out about inflation right now.
GOLDMARK: But we do need to think about inflation. Here is her answer to the last part of Amy's question - should the government create as much money as it needs to?
HELM: Here comes the catch.
KELTON: Well, the catch is that all of these things are affordable in money terms. But, you know, I like to - sometimes I'll say, every economy has its own internal speed limit.
HELM: The speed limit - she says what you need to look at is how much money an economy can absorb before inflation takes off.
GOLDMARK: And the speed limit has to do with what economists call real resources. An economy is not just money.
HELM: Like, if you want to build a hospital, you can't build it out of money. You need concrete and glass and linoleum floor and sofas in the waiting room...
GOLDMARK: And those IV bags that hang on those sort of rolling coat-rack things.
HELM: You need someone to make those rolling coat-rack things, let alone doctors and nurses. Of course, you need them.
GOLDMARK: Stephanie says those things are what create the speed limit.
HELM: So say the factory that makes those wheeling coat-rack things is running at, like, half the capacity that it could. Then, if the government decides to place a big order for those coat-rack things, nothing bad really happens. They just buy them at the normal price, put them in the hospital - great.
GOLDMARK: Great.
HELM: But what if the factory is at full capacity? Then, the government has to say, hey, sell to our new hospital instead of to your other customers. And to get them to do it, they'll have to pay more. That is inflation. Prices just went up.
GOLDMARK: And if the government spends so much that it drives up prices all over the economy, that's your inflation problem.
HELM: Stephanie says that's what the government should think about - not whether they have enough money, but whether there are enough resources in the economy to soak up that money.
GOLDMARK: That is basically her answer to Amy. The government can create money and spend it up to that internal speed limit.
HELM: If you start to get inflation, that's a sign you might be spending too much. Maybe you could raise taxes to pull some of that money back in.
GOLDMARK: But if you don't see inflation, just go for it.
HELM: Now, clearly, not everyone sees it this way.
TOM PALLEY: The theory, I believe, has holes in it.
HELM: This is Tom Palley. He's an economist. He's done work for labor unions. And he's on the left of the economics profession, like MMT. But he's been a longtime critic.
GOLDMARK: Trouble in the family.
HELM: And we might as well say here, the reason we're only hearing from economists on the left in this episode is that the economists who are researching and writing about this theory - they mostly all tend to be on the left.
GOLDMARK: Economists who take a more traditional or conservative view - they tend to say you have to think about taxes as a way to finance spending. That is the responsible way to run a government.
HELM: To Tom Palley, Modern Monetary Theory is useful because it points out some flaws in mainstream economics. Like, he thinks that mainstream economics is too obsessed with balanced budgets.
GOLDMARK: But he has some doubts about MMT. A big one is the whole taxes thing - the idea of using taxes to fight inflation.
PALLEY: Politics doesn't work like that. Taxes are very, very contested. No one wants their taxes raised. It's very hard for politicians to raise taxes. They're very slow to do it because guess what? They don't get re-elected if they do.
GOLDMARK: He says it's just not realistic for the government to react fast enough to respond to inflation.
HELM: We put that to Stephanie Kelton.
KELTON: If your concern is that it would be difficult to fight inflation by raising taxes, that is obviously a legitimate concern - that it is difficult to get Congress to act quickly to do the right thing. And so one of the things that MMT economists have advocated for a very long time is finding a way to take the fingerprints of Congress off of the decision making. In other words, to make it happen automatically.
HELM: She says something like this kind of happens already, like when the economy is booming, you don't have to spend as much on unemployment insurance. People have jobs. So spending goes down automatically.
GOLDMARK: She says do more of that.
HELM: More types of taxing and spending that kick in automatically if inflation starts to tick up.
GOLDMARK: And also she says - and she's not alone in saying this - nobody has a good model of inflation right now.
HELM: And she thinks the government could spend a lot more money right now, and we'd still probably be fine.
GOLDMARK: OK, so we went looking for a way to explain to 13-year-old Amy whether the government can print money to spend on schools and hospitals and not have to raise taxes to do it. And we found this branch of economics - this movement even - with a whole new way of looking at how money works.
KELTON: Do you see the faces or the goblet?
GOLDMARK: You can pick which one you want to see.
HELM: Yeah - they say you can make this mental shift about taxes and spending. Don't think about them the way you think about your money in your private life. Like, do I have enough to buy this thing I want to buy?
GOLDMARK: The government is not a household.
HELM: Lots of economists agree there, by the way.
GOLDMARK: Instead, the Modern Monetary Theory folks - they say, start thinking about how taxes and spending affect the big economic stuff like employment and inflation.
HELM: The way it is now, it's the Federal Reserve's job to think about that.
GOLDMARK: Kind of just because that's how we set things up, like, way back when.
HELM: But MMT would say, government spending and taxing is actually a much more direct way to go about this. If you want more employment, don't fiddle with the interest rate; just hire people or buy things from businesses who will hire people.
GOLDMARK: There are definitely questions about how this works in practice. And this is far from the mainstream, textbook way that most economists talk about this stuff. And if you think government sucks, you probably aren't loving this plan.
HELM: But there's some logic to the idea that Congress should be thinking about the big stuff. Is the economy good? Are people employed? And that money isn't just a way to buy aircraft carriers. It's way more than that.
GOLDMARK: That's something the MMT folks want you to keep in mind.
HELM: Don't just think about money as a scarce resource - something you can run out of. Think about what you want money to do and go from there.
GOLDMARK: It's a different starting point for asking the question, can we afford something like a new hospital?
(SOUNDBITE OF DIAL TONE)
AMY: Hi.
HELM: Amy, is that you?
AMY: Yeah.
HELM: Amy, you asked us a question a couple of weeks ago. It was a really good question. And we have an answer for you.
AMY: I'm really excited. I'm, like, super excited. I didn't know that you were going to get back. I didn't think that this was going to happen.
HELM: Unfortunately, you have to listen to a whole episode of PLANET MONEY to get it. How does that sound?
AMY: OK.
HELM: (Laughter).
AMY: Yeah, that's really good. I'm excited.
GOLDMARK: After the break, Amy from Bristol.
(SOUNDBITE OF MUSIC)
HELM: Amy.
AMY: Yes.
HELM: What do you think?
AMY: That was amazing. I was literally, like, trying to stop myself from, like, screaming because it was so good.
HELM: So what do you think? What's your takeaway? You had this question. It's a really, really good question. We found some stuff out. What do you think now?
AMY: I think it's really good. Like, listening to that - it just made me feel like I could be onto something really good.
GOLDMARK: So are you going to tell the other kids at school what you figured out here?
AMY: (Laughter) Yes, I'm definitely going to tell - I'm going to tell everyone, like, I'm so happy that you made that episode. And it just answered so many questions, like, that were in the question that I asked.
HELM: There is a lot we didn't get to in this episode - lots to pick apart here. Go hash it out on the Internet. We post every episode on Twitter and Facebook. We also have an Instagram for pretty pictures and probably fewer fights about inflation, though we do sometimes talk about inflation on our Instagram. What do you expect?
GOLDMARK: Today's episode was produced by Nick Fountain and Darian Woods. Our editor is Bryant Urstadt.
HELM: You, Alex Goldmark, are the supervising producer. Thank you for supervising. Thanks also to Brad DeLong and J.W. Mason, who were among the many people who helped me understand MMT. I'm Sally Helm.
GOLDMARK: And I'm Alex Goldmark. Thanks for listening.
AMY: Yeah, I just - I literally just came out of school today. And my dad is like, oh, my gosh, PLANET MONEY has emailed me and said that they've used your idea for an episode. And I was like, oh, my gosh.
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第三に、税金は政府が資産と所得の配分を修正する強力な手段だ。共和党が二〇一七年一二月に可決させた法案のように、減税の方法によっては大企業や社会で最も豊かな層が大きな恩恵を手にし、貧富の差が拡大することもある。今日、アメリカの所得格差と資産格差はかつてないほど広がっている。新たな所得の半分以上が人口のトップ一%の手に渡り、わずか三家族でアメリカの下位半分を上回る資産を有している。このような資産と所得の極端な集中は、社会問題と経済問題の両方を引き起こす。ひとつには、所得の大部分がごく一部の最富裕層に行くと、その大部分は(支出されずに)貯蓄される。そのような状況で経済の強さを保つのは難しい。資本主義は売り上げによって成り立っている。企業が十分利益を上げ、雇用を維持し、経済をうまくまわしていくためには、所得が適度に分散している必要がある。極端な富の集中は、政治プロセスや民主主義を腐らせていく作用もある。減税のやり方によっては格差拡大につながるのと同じように、政府には自らの課税能力を活かしてこの危険な流れを逆転させることもできる。税の執行強化、抜け道の取り締まり、税率の引き上げ、新税の創設などは、いずれも政府が持続可能な所得と資産の分布を実現するのに有効だ。このためMMTでは税金を、数十年にわたる景気停滞と格差拡大を是正するための重要な手段と見ている。 最後に、政府は税金を使って特定の行動を助長したり抑制したりすることができる。たとえば公衆衛生の増進のためにタバコ税を、気候変動を抑制するためには炭素税を、そして金融市場での危険な投機行動を抑えるために金融取引税を使う、といった具合に。国民が有害な行動をとるのを抑制することを目的とするこうした税を、経済学者は「悪行税」と呼ぶ。MMTは悪行税の目的はいずれも喫煙、環境汚染、過剰な投機といった好ましくない行動を抑制することであり、通貨主権国が資金を調達するためではないことを理解している。事実、こうした行動の抑制に税金が有効であるほど、政府の税収は少なくなる。というのもこうした悪行が継続した場合のみ、税金は支払われるからだ。炭素税によって二酸化炭素がまったく排出されなくなれば、税収はゼロになるが、それは税金の真の目的が果たされたことを意味する。反対に税金は好ましい行動へのインセンティブとして活用することもできる。たとえば省エネ家電や電気自動車の購入を促すため、税金を還付するといったことだ。 ここに挙げたさまざまな理由から、税金は政府が自らの通貨を製造できるからといって簡単に放棄できない、重要な政策手段だ。ただエイミーは非常に的を射た指摘をしている。エイミーの母国を含めた多くの政府では、財政支出は恒常的に税収を上回っている。しかもインフレ問題など一切生じさせず、延々そうした状態を続けている。むしろ世界の主要経済国の多くは、インフレ率を引き上げようと積極的に努力してきた。ならばなぜ税金を引き上げることなど一切考えず、ひたすら支出を増やさないのか。そしてお金をつくれるなら、そもそもなぜ自国通貨を借りる必要があるのか。ここからはこの問いに答えていこう。
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13歳の疑問に経済学者のまさかの回答「政府は好きなだけお金を刷っていいの?だとしたら、なぜ税金は必要なの?」(クーリエ・ジャポン) - Yahoo!ニュース
大学無料も可能?MMT(現代貨幣理論)って?
13歳の疑問に経済学者のまさかの回答「政府は好きなだけお金を刷っていいの?だとしたら、なぜ税金は必要なの?」
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英ブリストル在住の13歳、エイミーの質問: 「政府は必要な時にいくらでもお金を刷れるの?だとしたら、なぜ税金は必要なの?」 「政府(及び中央銀行)は、お金を刷ってその量を増やして、病院や学校など(資金不足に陥っている)公共サービスに直接お金を渡した方が良いのでは? その方がきっと簡単だし、問題改善につながって良いのではないかと思うのですが…」 エイミーは「お父さんに聞いてみたけれど、分からないと言われたので、投稿しました」と、米メディア「NPR」の番組「プラネット・マネー」に語っている。この素朴な疑問に対し、同番組は経済学者でMMT(現代貨幣理論)の主唱者の一人であるステファニー・ケルトン教授を招き、下記のように回答している。 MMTとは、マクロ経済学理論の一つだと言われており、近年注目を集めている。きっかけは、グリーン・ニューディールや、多額の学生ローンを背負った若者の救済を訴える米国民主党左派のアンドレア・オカシオ・コルテス(AOC)下院議員ら支持したことが大きい。 通常、困窮する市民を救済するとなると、「その財源はあるのか、確保できるのか」が議論になりがちだが、MMTは、大雑把に言えば「インフレにならない限り、政府は必要なだけにお金を刷って使ってよし。財政赤字に悪影響はない」、「もしインフレになったら、税金を増やせば良い」との考えを示している。 さて、ケルトン教授によれば、前述のエイミーの問いには、大きく以下の3つの疑問が含まれているという。
ケルトン教授の答え: 政府が扱うお金とは、概ねキーボードでコンピューター上に打ち込むものに他ならない。例えば、空母が必要だとすれば、空母を作る人たちにお金を打ち込むだけで、その金額分のお金をいちいち刷っているわけではない。 なので、この質問は「政府は欲しいものを買う余裕があるのか」と言い換えることができ、それに対する答えは「イエス」。他にも、 ・これから1000本の橋を作る余裕はあるのか? ──イエス ・国民の大学費用を無料にする余裕はあるのか? ──イエス ただし、この理論は「自国の通貨を管理している政府にのみ適用され、別の通貨で借りている国では機能しない」と話す。つまり、アメリカやイギリス、日本では適用できるが、ギリシャやベネズエラではできない。なぜなら、前者はユーロを使い、後者は米ドルの借金を抱えているからだ。 実際、アメリカではコロナ対策として、これまでに総額約4兆ドルを費やしている。そんなお金が一体どこにあったのか(そもそもあるのか)、との声も少なくないが、その巨額な政府支出は、パンデミックの被害を受けた産業を支え、失業や収入減に苦しむ市民救済に当てられている。 この莫大な支出の影響で、昨年度の連邦政府の赤字は、「第二次世界大戦以降で、最大値になるだろう」と、米誌「カンバセーション」は述べているが、一体、政府は賄えるのだろうか。 一般的に、政府支出は税金、または借入金のいずれかによって賄われるものだ、と考えられているが、MMTの視点は異なる。税金を集めたり、お金を借りたりして「財源」を確保せずとも、政府は必要なだけお金を作って、使うことができると説く。 よって、このMMTの論理に従えば、莫大な支出を賄えるかどうかの答えは「イエス」、「インフレが確認されないのであれば、支出は続けて大丈夫」となる。
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