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https://x.com/ptcherneva/status/1704116218603434190?s=61
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https://x.com/s_stantcheva/status/1703765533571616809?s=61
. Lastly, we consider slavery, an economic and social system that is inherently zero-sum (or, one might argue, negative-sum). In contrast to mobility and immigration, we anticipate a history of slavery to correlate with more pronounced zero-sum thinking. Accordingly, among all racial groups in the United States, Black respondents emerge as, on average, the most zero-sum (Asian and Asian-American respondents are, conversely, the least zero-sum). We also find that among Black respondents, those who have ancestors who were enslaved have a more zero-sum worldview. Although antebellum chattel slavery in the U.S. South was the most prevalent form of enslavement for the ancestors of citizens of the U.S. today, other forms of enslavement did occur, such as the internment of Japanese and German Americans, the forced reservation of Indigenous people, indentured servitude, and the imprisonment of Jewish ancestors in concentration camps during the Holocaust. We find that these other forms of historical enslavement are also associated with more zero-sum thinking today. To further explore other effects of historical slavery, we examine the consequences of growing up in a county with more chattel slavery (measured in 1860). We find that respondents tend to exhibit significantly more zero-sum thinking if they, their parents, or their grandparents grew up in a county with more enslavement historically. Thus, in contrast to the effects of historical immigration, the place-based effects appear to still be present today for enslavement. We also show evidence for the spillovers of slavery from Southern to non-Southern counties using the migration of white Southerners out of the South. Leveraging data from Bazzi et al. (2023b), we find that respondents who were raised, or had ancestors who were raised, in counties with a higher share of white Southern migrants have a stronger zero-sum mindset. The same patterns emerge when we look at respondents and their ancestors who grew up in counties with a stronger “Confederate culture.” Together with our findings that Black respondents are more zero-sum even after controlling for whether their ancestors were enslaved, and that the marginal effect of enslavement is smaller for Black Americans than for other racial groups, these results suggest the consequences of widespread oppression, institutional bias, and racism faced by all Black Americans, not just those whose ancestors were directly enslaved. Finally, we check the generality of our findings regarding the impacts and origins of zero-sum thinking by using data from the World Values Survey (WVS) across 72 countries. This survey con5
. 最後に、本質的にゼロサム（あるいはネガティブサム）である経済社会システムである奴隷制について考える。移動と移民とは対照的に、奴隷制の歴史は、より顕著なゼロサム思考と相関すると予想される。したがって、米国の全人種グループの中で、黒人の回答者は平均して最もゼロサム的であることがわかる（アジア人およびアジア系アメリカ人の回答者は、逆に最もゼロサム的でない）。また、黒人回答者の中でも、先祖が奴隷であった人は、よりゼロサム的な世界観を持っていることがわかった。米国南部における前世の動産奴隷制は、今日の米国市民の祖先にとって最も一般的な奴隷制の形態であったが、日系アメリカ人やドイツ系アメリカ人の抑留、先住民の強制居留、年季奉公、ホロコーストにおけるユダヤ人の祖先の強制収容所への投獄など、他の形態の奴隷制も存在した。このような他の形態の歴史的奴隷化も、今日、よりゼロサム思考と関連していることがわかった。歴史的奴隷制の他の影響をさらに調べるために、家畜奴隷制（1860年に測定）の多い郡で育った場合の影響を調べた。その結果、回答者、その両親、または祖父母が、歴史的に奴隷制度が多かった郡で育った場合、ゼロサム思考が有意に強くなる傾向があることがわかった。このように、歴史的な移民の効果とは対照的に、場所に基づく効果は次のように見える。…
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商品貨幣論は原理的にゼロサム思考だ。それに対して信用貨幣論がその限界を突破する。
ゾンバルトによれば無記名証券によってその信用貨幣論を形成したことがユダヤ人の功績だ。
Commodity monetary theory is in principle zero-sum thinking. Credit money theory, on the other hand, breaks through its limitations.
According to Sombart, the Jews are credited with forming this theory of credit money by means of bearer securities.
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